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VAPORIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY METAL COMPOUNDS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, October 1994, 11(4), 232-238(7), 10.1007/BF02697389
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Abstract
Volatilities and conversions of heavy metal compounds under oxidation conditions at elevated temperatures up to 1,000℃ are analyzed using a thermogravimetric furnace to evaluate their behaviors in an incinerator. Most pure metals and their oxides are relatively stable without releasing metal substances into the atmosphere, except for several metals such as As and Hg. How-ever, some chlorides are vaporized in the combustion temperatures and for these volatile chlorides, vaporization fluxes are obtained based on the measurement of their weight losses with increasing temperatures in the furnace. Experimental vaporization fluxes are compared to maximum theoretical fluxes from Herz-Knudsen’s kinetic theory of gas. Results of comparison show that evaporation coefficient, α, for each volatile heavy metal compound appears to be a characteristic value of the evaporating substance, not varying with increasing temperatures and the obtained coefficients are ranged in 10-6 to 10-8, which could be explained by a vaporization-condensation model of liquids. With some theoretical consideration on interfacial resistance, mass transfer coefficients, KG, for evaporation, are deter-cal consideration on interfacial resistance, mass transfer coefficients, KG for evaporation, are deter-mined as a function of absolute temperatures, and ranged in 10-6 to 10-7.
References
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Waterland LR, "Pilot-Scale Incinerability Evaluation of Arsenic- and Lead-contaminated Solid from to Superfund Sites," Proceedings of '91 Incineration Conference, 335 (1991)
Krikorian OH, "Analysis of Plutonium and Uranium Volatilities from Mixed Wastes in the Molten Salt Process," Proceedings of '91 Incineration Conference, 311 (1991)
Broomfield BJ, Fort LA, "Assessment of High-Temperature Thermal Processes to Treat Mixed Waste at the Hanford Site," Proceedings of '91 Incineration Conference, 571 (1991)
Waterland LR, "Trace Metals Fate in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator with an Ionizing Wet Scrubber," Proceedings of '90 Incineration Conference, 4.4.1-4.4.7 (1990)
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Sherwood TK, Johannes C, AIChE J., 8, 590 (1962)
EPA 520/1-91-010-1, Radiation and Mixed Waste Incineration - Background Information Document, Vol. 1: Technology, 2-1-4-13 (1991)
NUREG-1393, The Incineration of Low-level Radioactive Waste, U.S. NRC, 23 (1990)
Kim JH, Annual Report for "Development of Radioactive Waste Treatment Technology(III)-Development of Radioactive Incineration Technology(IV)-Construction of Demonstration-Scale Incineration Plant," KAERI-II/RR-9/90 (1991)
Kady T, Trichon M, Feldman J, "Heavy Metals in the Stacks; Where are They?", Proceedings of 1991 Incineration Conference, 597 (1991)
Caramelle D, Horestan J, Waldura C, "Incineration of Radioactive Waste: A System of Online Measurement of Gaseous Multicomponents," '90 Incineration Conference (1990)
Smith WS, Wong T, Williams G, "Incinerator Off-gas Monitoring," Incineration Basic Course, Proceedings of '89 Incineration Conference (1989)
Trichon M, Feldman J, "Problem Associatedwith the Detection and Measurement of Arsenic in Incinerator Emissions," Proceedings of '91 Incineration Conference, 576-578 (1991)
Fergusson J, The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Pergamon Press, 92 (1989)
Goosens WRA, "Treatment of Gaseous Effluents at Nuclear Facilities," Harwood Academic Publishers, 311 (1990)
Caramelle D, Chevalier G, "Off-gas Cleaning and Release from Radioactive Waste Incinerator Protection and Safety Aspects," Incineration of Radioactive Waste, Sep. London (1985)
Feldman J, Trichon M, "Contribution of Metals Emissions from Radioactive Waste in Incinerators," Lecture Notes for'87 Incineration of Mixed and Low-level Waste Conference, H1-H11 (1987)
Waterland LR, "Pilot-Scale Incinerability Evaluation of Arsenic- and Lead-contaminated Solid from to Superfund Sites," Proceedings of '91 Incineration Conference, 335 (1991)
Krikorian OH, "Analysis of Plutonium and Uranium Volatilities from Mixed Wastes in the Molten Salt Process," Proceedings of '91 Incineration Conference, 311 (1991)
Broomfield BJ, Fort LA, "Assessment of High-Temperature Thermal Processes to Treat Mixed Waste at the Hanford Site," Proceedings of '91 Incineration Conference, 571 (1991)
Waterland LR, "Trace Metals Fate in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator with an Ionizing Wet Scrubber," Proceedings of '90 Incineration Conference, 4.4.1-4.4.7 (1990)
Murray F, "Metals, HCl and Particulate Removal using a Bag House, Crossflow Scrubber, and Ionizing Wet Scrubber, and Ionizing Wet Scrubbers," Proceedings of '90 Incineration Conference, 5.5.0-5.5.9 (1990)
Feldman J, Trichon M, "Contribution of Metals Emissions from Radioactive Waste in Icinerators," Lecture Notes, '87 Incineration of Mixed Waste Conference, H10-H20 (1987)
Bamford CH, Tipper CFH, Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 3 (1975)
Kubaschewski O, Alcock CB, Metallurgical Thermochemistry, 5th Edition, International Series on Material Science and Technology, 379 (1989)
Villa H, J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 59 (1950)
Richardson FD, Jeffes JHE, J. Iron Steel Inst., 160, 261 (1948)
Weast RC, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida
Lamoreaux RH, Hildenbrand DL, J. Phys. Chem., 13, 151 (1987)
Lamoreaux RH, Hildenbrand DL, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 419 (1984)
Delany LJ, Eagleton LC, AIChE J., 8, 418 (1962)
Sherwood TK, Johannes C, AIChE J., 8, 590 (1962)