Articles & Issues
- Language
- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © KIChE. All rights reserved.
All issues
Polymers from Biocatalysts
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, July 1998, 15(4), 362-374(13), 10.1007/BF02697125
Download PDF
Abstract
Recently, there has been great interest in enzyme-catalyzed polymer synthesis, particularly as an alternative to conventional polymer chemistry. Highly specific and stable biocatalysts can result in increased yields and reduced capital requirements and production costs. Moreover, the use of biocatalysts can minimize the formation of unwanted byproducts and thus reduce separation cost. Enzymatic synthesis of polymer is especially preferred when molecular regularity such as stereoselectivity or regiospecificity is required. In this article, the use of enzymes in polymer synthesis is discussed together with potential applications.
References
Abramowicz DA, Keese CR, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 33, 149 (1989)
Adams MW, Kelly RM, Chem. Eng. News, 73(51), 32 (1995)
Aderiran SA, Lambeir AM, J. Biochem., 186, 571 (1989)
Ajima A, Yoshimoto T, Takahashi K, Tamura Y, Saito Y, Inada Y, Biotechnol. Lett., 7, 303 (1985)
Akkara JA, Kaplan DL, "Characterization of Polyaniline Synthesized by Horseradish Peroxidase," Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of 211th ACS National Meeting Held at New Orleans, LO (1996)
Akkara JA, Aranda FJ, Rao DVGLN, Kaplan DL, "Optical Properties of Polyaniline Synthesized by Enzyme-Catalyzed REactions in Organic Solvents," Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Prasad, P.N., ed., Plenum Press, New York (1994)
Akkara JA, Kaplan DL, Ayyagari M, Acta Polym., 47, 193 (1996)
Anni H, Yonetani T, "Mechanism of Action of Peroxidases," Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Sigel, H. and Sigel, A., eds., Marcer Dekker, New York (1992)
Asano Y, Yasuda Y, Tani Y, Yamada H, Agric. Biol. Chem., 46, 1183 (1982)
Blinkovsky AM, Dordick JS, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 31, 1839 (1993)
Bollag JM, Liu SY, Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 23, 261 (1985)
Bollag JM, Liu SY, Minard RD, Soil Biol. Biochem., 14, 157 (1985)
Borman S, Chem. Eng. News, 72(9), 37 (1994)
Bruno FF, Akkara JA, Kaplan DL, Sekher P, Marx KA, Tripathy SK, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 34(11), 4009 (1995)
Casella L, Colonna S, Carrea G, Biochemistry, 31, 9451 (1992)
Chance B, Maehly AC, "Assay of Catalase and Peroxidases, Methods in Enzymology Vol. II, Colowick," S.P. and Kaplan, N.O., eds., Academoic Press, New York (1963)
Chang CK, Dolphin D, Bioorg. Chem., 4, 37 (1978)
Chen X, Johnson A, Dordick JS, Rethwisch DG, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 195, 3567 (1994)
Chen X, Martin BD, Neubauer TK, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS, Rethwisch DG, Carbohydrate Polym., 28, 15 (1995)
Conroy CW, Tyma P, Daum PH, Erman JE, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 537, 62 (1978)
Craig CL, Bernard GD, Ecology, 71, 616 (1989)
Cunningham ID, Bachelor JL, Pratt JM, J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 1, 2, 1347 (1994)
Diaz AF, Kanebo M, Kloosterboer JG, Mark HB, Rubinson JF, Spiertz EJ, Vollenbroek FA, Wirle D, Wong CP, "Electronics Applications," Advances in Polymer Science Vol. 84, Benoit, H. et al., eds., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (1987)
d'Ischia M, Napolitano A, Prota G, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1073, 423 (1991)
Dordick JS, Marletta MA, Klibanov AM, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 30, 31 (1987)
Dordick JS, Klibanov AM, Marletta MA, Biochemistry, 25, 2946 (1986)
Dordick JS, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 11, 194 (1989)
Dordick JS, Enzyme-Derived Polymers: New Materials for the 21st Century, Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of the American Chemical Society, 211th ACS Spring Meeting Held at New Orleans, LU, 1 (1996)
Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, Rethwisch DG, Chemtech., 33 (1994)
Dordick JS, Biotechnol. Prog., 8, 259 (1992)
Dunford HB, Adeniran AB, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 251, 536 (1986)
Egorov AM, "Peroxidase Biotechnology and Application," Greppin, H. and Egorov, A.M., eds., Abstract Proceedings of International Workshop on Peroxidase Biotechnology and Application Held at Moscow, Russia (1995)
Farrell RL, Murtagen KE, Tien M, Mozuch MD, Kirk TK, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 11, 322 (1989)
Feeney RE, Burcham TS, Yeh Y, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem., 15, 59 (1986)
Fiechter A, Tibtech., 10, 208 (1992)
Francalanci FP, Cesti P, Cabri W, Bianchi D, Martinengo T, Foa M, J. Org. Chem., 52, 5079 (1987)
Gage LP, Manning RF, J. Biol. Chem., 255, 9451 (1980)
Georgiou G, Lin SC, Sharma MM, Biotechnology, 10, 60 (1992)
Svirkin YY, Xu J, Gross RA, Kaplan DL, Swift G, Macromolecules, 29(13), 4591 (1996)
Hairston D, Chem. Eng., 102(5), 53 (1995)
Harris RA, Newmyer SL, Ortiz de Montellano PR, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 1637 (1993)
Hayes DG, Gulari E, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 40, 110 (1992)
Hayes DG, Gulari E, Langmuir, 11(12), 4695 (1995)
Hayes DG, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 267 (1996)
Henderson LA, Svirkin YY, Gross RA, Kaplan DL, Swift G, "Enzyme Catalyzed Polymerizations of ε-Caprolactone: Effects of Initiator onPropagation Kinetics and Mechanism," Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of the American Chemical Society, 211th ACS Spring Meeting Held at New Orleans, LU, 6 (1996)
Holland HL, "Organic Synthesis with Oxidative Enzymes," VCH Publishers, New York (1992)
ICI PLC, European Patent, 32303214.9 (1982)
Iijima Y, Miyakoshi T, Niimura N, Surf. Interface Anal., 24, 237 (1996)
Ikeda R, Uyama H, Kobayashi S, Macromolecules, 29(8), 3053 (1996)
Ishii M, Takimoto M, Miyakoshi T, Nakamura T, Anal. Sci., 11, 79 (1995)
Joo H, "Peroxidase Catalysis in Organic Solvents and Its Use for Phenol-Sucrose Copolymer Synthesis," Ph.D. Thesis, Seoul National University (1997)
Joo H, Chae HJ, Yeo JS, Yoo YJ, Process Biochem., 32(4), 291 (1997)
Kaminsky W, "Polymeric Dienes," Handbook of Polymer Synthesis: Part A, Kricheldorf, H.S., ed., Marcel Dekker, New York (1992)
Kirk TK, Farrell RL, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 41, 465 (1987)
Kitazyme T, Sato T, Kobayashi T, Chem. Express, 3, 135 (1988)
Klibanov AM, Samokhin GP, Martinek K, Berezin IV, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 19, 1351 (1977)
Klibanov AM, Morris ED, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 3, 119 (1986)
Klibanov AM, Alberti BN, Morris ED, Felshin LM, J. Appl. Biochem., 2, 414 (1980)
Klibanov AM, Berman Z, Alberti BN, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 6263 (1981)
Klibanov AM, Tu TM, Scott KP, Science, 221, 259 (1983)
Klibanov AM, Chemtech., 354 (1986)
Kobayashi M, Nagasawa T, Yamada H, Tibtech., 10, 402 (1992)
Kobayashi S, "Polymer Synthesis by Utilizing Hydrolysis Enzymes as Catalyst," Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of the American Chemical Society, 211th ACS Spring Meeting Held at New Orleans, LU, 32 (1996)
Kumanotani J, Prog. Org. Coating, 26, 163 (1996)
Kurek B, Monties B, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 16(2), 125 (1994)
Mezoul G, Lalot T, Brigodiot M, Marechal E, Polym. Bull., 36(5), 541 (1996)
Lamport DTA, "Roles for Peroxidases in Cell Wall Genesis, Molecular and Physiology Aspects of Plant Peroxidases," Greppin, H. Penel, C. and Gaspar, T.H., eds., U. of Geneve, Swiss (1986)
Laval JM, Chopineau J, Thomas D, Tibtech., 13, 474 (1995)
Lehmann J, Z. Pflanzenphysiol., 102, 425 (1981)
Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM, "Principles of Biochemistry," Worth Publishers, New York (1993)
Lewis RV, Accounts Chem. Res., 25, 392 (1992)
Lilly MD, Woodley JM, "Biocatalytic Reactions Involving Water-insoluble Organic Compounds," Biocatalysts in Organic Syntheses, Tramper, J., vander Plas, H.C. and Linko, P. eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam (1985)
Linko YY, Wang ZL, Seppala J, "Polyesterification of C4-diacids and 1,4-Butanediol with Various Lapases in Organic Solvent," Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Doi, Y. and Fukuda, K., eds., Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Osaka, Japan (1993)
Linko YY, Wang ZL, Seppala J, J. Biotechnol., 40, 133 (1995)
MacDonald D, Dunford HB, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 272, 185 (1989)
Marsh RE, Corey RB, Pauling L, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 16, 1 (1992)
Mayers D, "Surfactants Science and Technology," VCH Publishers, New York (1988)
Macdonald RT, Pulapura SK, Svirkin YY, Gross RA, Kaplan DL, Akkara J, Swift G, Wolk S, Macromolecules, 28(1), 73 (1995)
Medina S, Chem. Eng., 103(6), 82 (1996)
Metodiewa D, deMelo MP, Escobar JA, Cilento G, Dunford HB, Biochem. Biophys., 1, 27 (1992)
Meunier B, Biochimie, 69, 3 (1987)
Meunier G, Meunier B, J. Biol. Chem., 260, 10576 (1985)
Miyakoshi T, Chen CL, Okusa K, Holzforschung Holzforsch, 50, 15 (1996)
Morrow CJ, Wallace JS, "Synthesis of Polyesters by Lipase-Catalyzed Polycondensation in Organic Media," Biocatalysis, Abramowicz, D.A., ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1990)
Nakajima R, Yamazaki I, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 2576 (1987)
Novo Product, Novo Analysis Method AF 293.9 (Available on Request from Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Alle, DK-2880 Bagsvaed, Denmark (1996)
Okumura S, Iwai M, Tominaga Y, Agric. Biol. Chem., 48, 2805 (1984)
Ortiz de Montellano PR, Crab LA, Biochemistry, 26, 5310 (1987)
Oyama K, "Enzymatic Synthesis of Aspartame in Organic Solvent," Biocatalysis in Organic Media, Laane, C., Tramper, J. and Lilly, M.D., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1986)
Park HG, Chang HN, Dordick JS, Biotechnol. Lett., 17(10), 1085 (1995)
Patil DR, Dordick JS, Rethwisch DG, Macromolecules, 24, 3462 (1991)
Popp JL, Kirk TK, Dordick JS, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 13, 964 (1991)
Pokora AR, Cyrus WL, U.S. Patent, 4,647,952 (1985)
Pokora A, "Product Information," Enzymol International Inc. (1996)
Prane JW, Adhes. Age, 37(3), 52 (1994)
Pridham JE, "Enzyme Chemistry of Phenolic Compounds," Pergamon Press, Oxford (1963)
Rao DVGLN, Aranda FJ, Cheng CF, Akkara JA, Kaplan DL, Roach JF, "Third Order Nonlinear Optical Interactions in Some Bioengineered Polymers," Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Prasad, P.N., Ed., Plenum Press, New York (1994)
Reinhammer B, Malmstrom BG, "Copper Proteins, Metal Ions in Biology," Spiro, T.G., ed., Wiley, New York (1981)
Riva S, Chopineau J, Kieboom APG, Klibanov AM, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 584 (1988)
Robson B, Garnier J, "Introduction to Proteins and Protein Engineering," Elsevier, Amsterdam (1988)
Robson RM, "Silk Composition, Structure, and Properties," Fiber Chemistry Handbook of Science and Technology, Lewin, M. and Pearse, E., eds., Marcer Dekker, New York (1985)
Schuster M, Wang P, Paulson JC, Wong CH, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116(3), 1135 (1994)
Schwartz RD, Hutchinson DB, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 3, 361 (1981)
Takahama U, Oniki T, Plant Cell Physiol., 33, 379 (1992)
Thomas JA, Morris DR, Hager LP, J. Biol. Chem., 245, 3135 (1970)
Tramper J, Laane C, Bont JAM, "Second-Generation of Biocatalysis," Enzymes asCatalysts in Organic Synthesis, Schneider, M.P., ed., NATO ASI Series, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 178, 383 (1986)
Tsuda M, Oshima Y, Suzuki Y, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 76, 4872 (1979)
Tsujimoto Y, Suzuki Y, Cell, 16, 425 (1979)
Turner MK, Tibtech., 13, 253 (1995)
Urbina JA, Cohen BE, Perozo E, Cornivelli L, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 897, 467 (1987)
Uyama H, Takeya K, Kobayashi S, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 68, 56 (1995)
Valoti M, Sipe HJ, Sgaragli G, Mason RP, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 269, 423 (1989)
Vazquez-Duhalt R, Westlake DWS, Fedorak PM, Appl. Environ. Microb., 60, 459 (1994)
Vogl O, Cell. Chem. Technol. Mater. Sci., 29, 533 (1996)
Wallace JS, Morrow CJ, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 28, 2553 (1989)
Wallace JS, Morrow CJ, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 28, 3271 (1989)
Wang J, Takahashi S, Hosler JP, Mitchell DM, Biochemistry, 34, 9819 (1995)
Wang J, Takahashi S, Rousseau DL, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 9402 (1995)
Wang P, Martin BD, Parida S, Rethwisch DG, Dordick JS, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117(51), 12885 (1995)
Wang ZL, Linko YY, Seppala J, Biotechnol. Tech., 9, 349 (1995)
Warwicker JO, J. Mol. Biol., 2, 350 (1960)
Wescott CR, Klibanov AM, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1206, 1 (1994)
Whitehouse AAK, Pritchett EGK, Barnett G, "Phenolic Resins," Elsevier, New York (1967)
Williams P, Keshavarzmoore E, Dunnill P, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19(3), 208 (1996)
Xu F, Biochemistry, 35, 7608 (1996)
Yde B, "Enzymatic Modification of Lignins by Use of a Peroxidase, Lignocellulosics and Pulp," Poster Presented at the Second European Workshop (EWLP92), Grenoble, France (1992)
Yokota Y, Ishioka R, Moteki Y, Watanabe N, "Physical Properties and Processibilities of Biodegradable Plastics Bionelle," Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Doi, Y. and Fukuta, K., eds., Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Workshop, Osaka, Japan (1994)
Zhang F, J. Chin. Lacquer, 11, 18 (1992)
Adams MW, Kelly RM, Chem. Eng. News, 73(51), 32 (1995)
Aderiran SA, Lambeir AM, J. Biochem., 186, 571 (1989)
Ajima A, Yoshimoto T, Takahashi K, Tamura Y, Saito Y, Inada Y, Biotechnol. Lett., 7, 303 (1985)
Akkara JA, Kaplan DL, "Characterization of Polyaniline Synthesized by Horseradish Peroxidase," Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of 211th ACS National Meeting Held at New Orleans, LO (1996)
Akkara JA, Aranda FJ, Rao DVGLN, Kaplan DL, "Optical Properties of Polyaniline Synthesized by Enzyme-Catalyzed REactions in Organic Solvents," Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Prasad, P.N., ed., Plenum Press, New York (1994)
Akkara JA, Kaplan DL, Ayyagari M, Acta Polym., 47, 193 (1996)
Anni H, Yonetani T, "Mechanism of Action of Peroxidases," Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Sigel, H. and Sigel, A., eds., Marcer Dekker, New York (1992)
Asano Y, Yasuda Y, Tani Y, Yamada H, Agric. Biol. Chem., 46, 1183 (1982)
Blinkovsky AM, Dordick JS, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 31, 1839 (1993)
Bollag JM, Liu SY, Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 23, 261 (1985)
Bollag JM, Liu SY, Minard RD, Soil Biol. Biochem., 14, 157 (1985)
Borman S, Chem. Eng. News, 72(9), 37 (1994)
Bruno FF, Akkara JA, Kaplan DL, Sekher P, Marx KA, Tripathy SK, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 34(11), 4009 (1995)
Casella L, Colonna S, Carrea G, Biochemistry, 31, 9451 (1992)
Chance B, Maehly AC, "Assay of Catalase and Peroxidases, Methods in Enzymology Vol. II, Colowick," S.P. and Kaplan, N.O., eds., Academoic Press, New York (1963)
Chang CK, Dolphin D, Bioorg. Chem., 4, 37 (1978)
Chen X, Johnson A, Dordick JS, Rethwisch DG, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 195, 3567 (1994)
Chen X, Martin BD, Neubauer TK, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS, Rethwisch DG, Carbohydrate Polym., 28, 15 (1995)
Conroy CW, Tyma P, Daum PH, Erman JE, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 537, 62 (1978)
Craig CL, Bernard GD, Ecology, 71, 616 (1989)
Cunningham ID, Bachelor JL, Pratt JM, J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 1, 2, 1347 (1994)
Diaz AF, Kanebo M, Kloosterboer JG, Mark HB, Rubinson JF, Spiertz EJ, Vollenbroek FA, Wirle D, Wong CP, "Electronics Applications," Advances in Polymer Science Vol. 84, Benoit, H. et al., eds., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (1987)
d'Ischia M, Napolitano A, Prota G, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1073, 423 (1991)
Dordick JS, Marletta MA, Klibanov AM, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 30, 31 (1987)
Dordick JS, Klibanov AM, Marletta MA, Biochemistry, 25, 2946 (1986)
Dordick JS, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 11, 194 (1989)
Dordick JS, Enzyme-Derived Polymers: New Materials for the 21st Century, Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of the American Chemical Society, 211th ACS Spring Meeting Held at New Orleans, LU, 1 (1996)
Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, Rethwisch DG, Chemtech., 33 (1994)
Dordick JS, Biotechnol. Prog., 8, 259 (1992)
Dunford HB, Adeniran AB, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 251, 536 (1986)
Egorov AM, "Peroxidase Biotechnology and Application," Greppin, H. and Egorov, A.M., eds., Abstract Proceedings of International Workshop on Peroxidase Biotechnology and Application Held at Moscow, Russia (1995)
Farrell RL, Murtagen KE, Tien M, Mozuch MD, Kirk TK, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 11, 322 (1989)
Feeney RE, Burcham TS, Yeh Y, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem., 15, 59 (1986)
Fiechter A, Tibtech., 10, 208 (1992)
Francalanci FP, Cesti P, Cabri W, Bianchi D, Martinengo T, Foa M, J. Org. Chem., 52, 5079 (1987)
Gage LP, Manning RF, J. Biol. Chem., 255, 9451 (1980)
Georgiou G, Lin SC, Sharma MM, Biotechnology, 10, 60 (1992)
Svirkin YY, Xu J, Gross RA, Kaplan DL, Swift G, Macromolecules, 29(13), 4591 (1996)
Hairston D, Chem. Eng., 102(5), 53 (1995)
Harris RA, Newmyer SL, Ortiz de Montellano PR, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 1637 (1993)
Hayes DG, Gulari E, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 40, 110 (1992)
Hayes DG, Gulari E, Langmuir, 11(12), 4695 (1995)
Hayes DG, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 267 (1996)
Henderson LA, Svirkin YY, Gross RA, Kaplan DL, Swift G, "Enzyme Catalyzed Polymerizations of ε-Caprolactone: Effects of Initiator onPropagation Kinetics and Mechanism," Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of the American Chemical Society, 211th ACS Spring Meeting Held at New Orleans, LU, 6 (1996)
Holland HL, "Organic Synthesis with Oxidative Enzymes," VCH Publishers, New York (1992)
ICI PLC, European Patent, 32303214.9 (1982)
Iijima Y, Miyakoshi T, Niimura N, Surf. Interface Anal., 24, 237 (1996)
Ikeda R, Uyama H, Kobayashi S, Macromolecules, 29(8), 3053 (1996)
Ishii M, Takimoto M, Miyakoshi T, Nakamura T, Anal. Sci., 11, 79 (1995)
Joo H, "Peroxidase Catalysis in Organic Solvents and Its Use for Phenol-Sucrose Copolymer Synthesis," Ph.D. Thesis, Seoul National University (1997)
Joo H, Chae HJ, Yeo JS, Yoo YJ, Process Biochem., 32(4), 291 (1997)
Kaminsky W, "Polymeric Dienes," Handbook of Polymer Synthesis: Part A, Kricheldorf, H.S., ed., Marcel Dekker, New York (1992)
Kirk TK, Farrell RL, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 41, 465 (1987)
Kitazyme T, Sato T, Kobayashi T, Chem. Express, 3, 135 (1988)
Klibanov AM, Samokhin GP, Martinek K, Berezin IV, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 19, 1351 (1977)
Klibanov AM, Morris ED, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 3, 119 (1986)
Klibanov AM, Alberti BN, Morris ED, Felshin LM, J. Appl. Biochem., 2, 414 (1980)
Klibanov AM, Berman Z, Alberti BN, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 6263 (1981)
Klibanov AM, Tu TM, Scott KP, Science, 221, 259 (1983)
Klibanov AM, Chemtech., 354 (1986)
Kobayashi M, Nagasawa T, Yamada H, Tibtech., 10, 402 (1992)
Kobayashi S, "Polymer Synthesis by Utilizing Hydrolysis Enzymes as Catalyst," Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of the American Chemical Society, 211th ACS Spring Meeting Held at New Orleans, LU, 32 (1996)
Kumanotani J, Prog. Org. Coating, 26, 163 (1996)
Kurek B, Monties B, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 16(2), 125 (1994)
Mezoul G, Lalot T, Brigodiot M, Marechal E, Polym. Bull., 36(5), 541 (1996)
Lamport DTA, "Roles for Peroxidases in Cell Wall Genesis, Molecular and Physiology Aspects of Plant Peroxidases," Greppin, H. Penel, C. and Gaspar, T.H., eds., U. of Geneve, Swiss (1986)
Laval JM, Chopineau J, Thomas D, Tibtech., 13, 474 (1995)
Lehmann J, Z. Pflanzenphysiol., 102, 425 (1981)
Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM, "Principles of Biochemistry," Worth Publishers, New York (1993)
Lewis RV, Accounts Chem. Res., 25, 392 (1992)
Lilly MD, Woodley JM, "Biocatalytic Reactions Involving Water-insoluble Organic Compounds," Biocatalysts in Organic Syntheses, Tramper, J., vander Plas, H.C. and Linko, P. eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam (1985)
Linko YY, Wang ZL, Seppala J, "Polyesterification of C4-diacids and 1,4-Butanediol with Various Lapases in Organic Solvent," Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Doi, Y. and Fukuda, K., eds., Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Osaka, Japan (1993)
Linko YY, Wang ZL, Seppala J, J. Biotechnol., 40, 133 (1995)
MacDonald D, Dunford HB, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 272, 185 (1989)
Marsh RE, Corey RB, Pauling L, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 16, 1 (1992)
Mayers D, "Surfactants Science and Technology," VCH Publishers, New York (1988)
Macdonald RT, Pulapura SK, Svirkin YY, Gross RA, Kaplan DL, Akkara J, Swift G, Wolk S, Macromolecules, 28(1), 73 (1995)
Medina S, Chem. Eng., 103(6), 82 (1996)
Metodiewa D, deMelo MP, Escobar JA, Cilento G, Dunford HB, Biochem. Biophys., 1, 27 (1992)
Meunier B, Biochimie, 69, 3 (1987)
Meunier G, Meunier B, J. Biol. Chem., 260, 10576 (1985)
Miyakoshi T, Chen CL, Okusa K, Holzforschung Holzforsch, 50, 15 (1996)
Morrow CJ, Wallace JS, "Synthesis of Polyesters by Lipase-Catalyzed Polycondensation in Organic Media," Biocatalysis, Abramowicz, D.A., ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1990)
Nakajima R, Yamazaki I, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 2576 (1987)
Novo Product, Novo Analysis Method AF 293.9 (Available on Request from Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Alle, DK-2880 Bagsvaed, Denmark (1996)
Okumura S, Iwai M, Tominaga Y, Agric. Biol. Chem., 48, 2805 (1984)
Ortiz de Montellano PR, Crab LA, Biochemistry, 26, 5310 (1987)
Oyama K, "Enzymatic Synthesis of Aspartame in Organic Solvent," Biocatalysis in Organic Media, Laane, C., Tramper, J. and Lilly, M.D., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1986)
Park HG, Chang HN, Dordick JS, Biotechnol. Lett., 17(10), 1085 (1995)
Patil DR, Dordick JS, Rethwisch DG, Macromolecules, 24, 3462 (1991)
Popp JL, Kirk TK, Dordick JS, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 13, 964 (1991)
Pokora AR, Cyrus WL, U.S. Patent, 4,647,952 (1985)
Pokora A, "Product Information," Enzymol International Inc. (1996)
Prane JW, Adhes. Age, 37(3), 52 (1994)
Pridham JE, "Enzyme Chemistry of Phenolic Compounds," Pergamon Press, Oxford (1963)
Rao DVGLN, Aranda FJ, Cheng CF, Akkara JA, Kaplan DL, Roach JF, "Third Order Nonlinear Optical Interactions in Some Bioengineered Polymers," Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Prasad, P.N., Ed., Plenum Press, New York (1994)
Reinhammer B, Malmstrom BG, "Copper Proteins, Metal Ions in Biology," Spiro, T.G., ed., Wiley, New York (1981)
Riva S, Chopineau J, Kieboom APG, Klibanov AM, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 584 (1988)
Robson B, Garnier J, "Introduction to Proteins and Protein Engineering," Elsevier, Amsterdam (1988)
Robson RM, "Silk Composition, Structure, and Properties," Fiber Chemistry Handbook of Science and Technology, Lewin, M. and Pearse, E., eds., Marcer Dekker, New York (1985)
Schuster M, Wang P, Paulson JC, Wong CH, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116(3), 1135 (1994)
Schwartz RD, Hutchinson DB, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 3, 361 (1981)
Takahama U, Oniki T, Plant Cell Physiol., 33, 379 (1992)
Thomas JA, Morris DR, Hager LP, J. Biol. Chem., 245, 3135 (1970)
Tramper J, Laane C, Bont JAM, "Second-Generation of Biocatalysis," Enzymes asCatalysts in Organic Synthesis, Schneider, M.P., ed., NATO ASI Series, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 178, 383 (1986)
Tsuda M, Oshima Y, Suzuki Y, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 76, 4872 (1979)
Tsujimoto Y, Suzuki Y, Cell, 16, 425 (1979)
Turner MK, Tibtech., 13, 253 (1995)
Urbina JA, Cohen BE, Perozo E, Cornivelli L, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 897, 467 (1987)
Uyama H, Takeya K, Kobayashi S, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 68, 56 (1995)
Valoti M, Sipe HJ, Sgaragli G, Mason RP, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 269, 423 (1989)
Vazquez-Duhalt R, Westlake DWS, Fedorak PM, Appl. Environ. Microb., 60, 459 (1994)
Vogl O, Cell. Chem. Technol. Mater. Sci., 29, 533 (1996)
Wallace JS, Morrow CJ, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 28, 2553 (1989)
Wallace JS, Morrow CJ, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 28, 3271 (1989)
Wang J, Takahashi S, Hosler JP, Mitchell DM, Biochemistry, 34, 9819 (1995)
Wang J, Takahashi S, Rousseau DL, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 9402 (1995)
Wang P, Martin BD, Parida S, Rethwisch DG, Dordick JS, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117(51), 12885 (1995)
Wang ZL, Linko YY, Seppala J, Biotechnol. Tech., 9, 349 (1995)
Warwicker JO, J. Mol. Biol., 2, 350 (1960)
Wescott CR, Klibanov AM, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1206, 1 (1994)
Whitehouse AAK, Pritchett EGK, Barnett G, "Phenolic Resins," Elsevier, New York (1967)
Williams P, Keshavarzmoore E, Dunnill P, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19(3), 208 (1996)
Xu F, Biochemistry, 35, 7608 (1996)
Yde B, "Enzymatic Modification of Lignins by Use of a Peroxidase, Lignocellulosics and Pulp," Poster Presented at the Second European Workshop (EWLP92), Grenoble, France (1992)
Yokota Y, Ishioka R, Moteki Y, Watanabe N, "Physical Properties and Processibilities of Biodegradable Plastics Bionelle," Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Doi, Y. and Fukuta, K., eds., Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Workshop, Osaka, Japan (1994)
Zhang F, J. Chin. Lacquer, 11, 18 (1992)