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Received September 8, 2003
Accepted January 13, 2004
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Formation of Chlorite and Chlorate from Chlorine Dioxide with Han River Water
Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA 1R&D Team, Korea Resources Recovery and Reutilization Corporation, General Environmental Research Complex, Gyungseodong, Seogu, Incheon 404-170, Korea 2Department of Environment Technology, Korea Testing and Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 539-8, Kajoa-3-dong, Seogu, Incheon 404-817, Korea
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, May 2004, 21(3), 647-653(7), 10.1007/BF02705500
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Abstract
This study was designed to elucidate the behavior of chlorine dioxide in drinking water systems. Furthermore, the factors that influence the formation of chlorite, chlorate in terms of reaction time, concentration of chlorine dioxide, pH, temperature and UV irradiation were experimentally reviewed. At 20 ℃, pH 7, 70-80% of chlorine dioxide injected was converted to chlorite and 0-10% of that was transformed into chlorate within 120 min with 2.91 mg/L of DOC. The amount of chlorite formed also increased when pH and temperature increased. As DOC content increased, the residual chlorine dioxide decreased but the amount of chlorite and chlorate were increased. These experiments revealed that chlorate was a dominant by-product under UV irradiation. The models that were obtained by the regression analysis for the formation of chlorite and chlorate from chlorine dioxide with Han River water are as follows: _x000D_
Chlorite (mg/L)=10-2.20[ClO2]0.45[pH]0.90[temp]0.27[TOC]1.04[time]0.20, Chlorate (mg/L)=10-2.61[ClO2]1.27[pH]-0.50[temp]1.28 [TOC]0.31[time]0.12
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References
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Gates DJ, Harrington RM, "Neuro-Reproductive Toxicity Issues Concerning Chlorine Dioxide-And The Chlorite Ion in Public Drinking Water Supplies," Proceedings of the AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, 830 (1995)
Geo CW, "The Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants," Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 988 (1992)
Jeong SW, Oh HS, Park HS, Kang JW, Choi SI, J. Korean Soc. Water Wastewater, 7(2), 25 (1993)
Johanna FMV, Jerzi H, Rob FMJC, "Chlorite and Chlorate in Drinking Water (DBP's Environmental Pollutants?)," Proceedings of the AWWA 1993 Annual Conference, 235 (1993)
Karen SW, Philip CS, J. AWWA, 79(9), 107 (1987)
Kim HT, "Formation of Chloroform by Reaction of Linear Alkyl-benzenesulfonate with Free Chlorine," Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Konkuk, Seoul, 88 (1998)
Kim SH, Ngo HH, Chaudhary D, Kim JC, Vigneswaran S, Moon H, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 19(5), 888 (2002)
Kong SH, Kwon CI, Kim MH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 20(2), 293 (2003)
Lyman WC, J. AWWA, 78(4), 74 (1986)
Masschelein W, Rip GR, "Chlorine Dioxide Chemistry and Environmental Impact of Oxychlorine Compounds," Ann Arbor Science, Michigan, 27 (1979)
Miltner R, "The Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water," Master's Thesis, Univ. of Cincinnati, Ohio (1976)
Ministry of Environment in Republic of Korea, "The Standards of Chemicals for Potable Water," 36 (1995)
Narkis N, Offer R, Linenberg E, Betzer N, "The Use of Chlorine Dioxide in Disinfection of Wastewater in Water Chlorination," Ann Arbor Science, 956 (1990)
Rav-Acha C, Serri A, Choshen E, Limoni B, Water Sci. Technol., 620 (1984)
Richard JB, Frederick CK, "Health Effects of Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products. AWWA Research Foundation and AWWA, New York, 43 (1991)
Robert CH, Andrea MD, William SF, Margaret PO, J. AWWA, 82(4), 169 (1990)
Wong GTF, Water Res., 40(2), 1268 (1980)
