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Received September 2, 2008
Accepted December 4, 2008
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
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Effects of CuxTiOy nanometer particles on biological toxicity during zebrafish embryogenesis
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, KyungHee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 449-701, Korea 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Daedong, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, May 2009, 26(3), 711-718(8), 10.1007/s11814-009-0119-5
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Abstract
This study investigated the toxicity of Cu (1, 10, 15, and 25 mol%) loaded TiO2 and pure TiO2 nanometersized photocatalysts during the development of zebrafish embryogenesis. The hatch rate decreased in the CuxTiOy nanoparticles exposed groups (10, 20 ppt) compared to pure TiO2 nano-particles (10, 20 ppt) exposed or control groups. These CuxTiOy and TiO2 nanoparticles led to developing mutated embryos with abnormal notochord formation, no tail, damaged eyes and abnormal heart development. Exposure to CuxTiOy and pure TiO2 nanoparticles led to glutathione increase, catalase activity increase, GST increase and GSR increase than control. Penetration of the CuxTiOy and pure TiO2 nanoparticles to the embryo was also tested. It was observed that CuxTiOy and pure TiO2 nanoparticles penetrated into cells. Moreover CuxTiOy penetrated into the skin, nerve and yolk sac epithelium cells on the zebrafish larvae as_x000D_
aggregated particles, which may induce the direct interaction between nanoparticles and cell to cause adverse biological responses. As a result, the Cu-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles had the toxicity of zebrafish embryo and larvae in the water environment.
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Moore M, Environ. Int., 32, 967 (2006)
Lovern SB, Klaper R, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25, 1132 (2006)
Daughton CG, Environ. Impact Asses. Rev., 24, 711 (2004)
Jha AN, Mut. Res., 552, 1 (2004)
Huovinen PS, Penttila H, Soimasuo MR, Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 59, 15 (2000)
Tedetti M, Sempere R, J. Photochem. Photobiol., 82, 389 (2006)
Hader DP, Sinha RP, Mutat. Res., 571, 221 (2005)
Reeves JF, Davies SJ, Dodd NJF, Jha AN, Mutat. Res., 640, 113 (2008)
Raisuddin S, Jha AN, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 44, 83 (2004)
Bols NC, Ganassin RC, Tom DJ, Lee LE, Cytotechnology, 16, 159 (1994)
Uchino T, Tokunaga H, Ando M, Utsumi H, Toxicol. Vitro, 16, 629 (2002)
Konaka R, Kasahara E, Dunlap WC, Yamamoto Y, Chien KC, Inoue M, Redox Rep., 6, 319 (2001)
Chen C, Lei P, Ji H, Ma W, Zhao J, Hidaka H, Serpone N, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 329 (2004)
Long TC, Saleh N, Tilton RD, Lowry GV, Veronesi B, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4346 (2006)
Cox C, J. Pestic. Reform., 11, 2 (1991)
Gabbay J, Borkow G, Mishal J, Magen E, Zatcoff R, Shemer-Avni Y, J. Ind. Text., 35, 323 (2006)
Heinlaan M, Ivask A, Blinova I, Dubourguier HC, Kahru A, Chemosphere, 71, 1308 (2008)
Moore M, Environ. Int., 32, 967 (2006)
Daughton CG, Environ. Impact Asses. Rev., 24, 711 (2004)
Jha AN, Mut. Res., 552, 1 (2004)
Yeo MK, Kang M, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 29, 1179 (2008)
Kimmel W, Ballard S, Ullman BK, Schilling T, Dev. Dynam., 203, 253 (1995)
Cao ZX, Li YB, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 292(1), 50 (2002)
Wheeler CR, Salzman JA, Elsayed NM, Omaye ST, Korte DW, Anal. Biochem., 184, 193 (1990)
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB, J. Biol. Chem., 249, 7130 (1974)
Wood CM, Target organ toxicity in marine and freshwater teleosts, vol. I, Taylor & Francis, London (2001)
Grosell M, Wood CM, J. Exp. Biol., 205, 1179 (2002)
Alderdice DF, Fish Physiol. Biochem., 11A, 163 (1988)
Moller W, Hofer T, Ziesenis A, Karg E, J. Heyder. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 182, 197 (2002)
Lambert AL, Mangum JB, DELorme MP, Everitt JI, Toxicol. Sci., 72, 339 (2003)
Renwick LC, Donaldson K, Clouter A, Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 171, 119 (2001)
Kohen R, Nyska A, Toxicol. Pathol., 6, 620 (2002)
Kelly SA, Havrilla CM, Brady TC, Abramo KH, Levin ED, Environ. Health Perspect., 106, 375 (1998)
Rikans LE, Hornbrook KR, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 1362, 116 (1997)
Long TC, Saleh N, Tilton RD, Lowry GV, Veronesi B, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4346 (2006)
Maness PC, Smolinski S, Blake DM, Huang Z, Wolfrum EJ, Jacoby WA, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 4094 (1999)
Ashikaga T, Wada M, Kobayashi H, Mori M, Katsumura Y, Fukui H, Kato S, Yamaguchi M, Takamatsu T, Mutat. Res-Gen. Tox. Ent., 466, 1 (2000)
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Jonz MG, Nurse CA, J. Comp. Neurol., 497, 817 (2006)
