Articles & Issues
- Language
- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
-
Received March 23, 2010
Accepted December 24, 2010
-
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © KIChE. All rights reserved.
All issues
Studies on the hydrolysis of urea for production of ammonia and modeling for flow characterization in presence of stirring in a batch reactor using computational fluid dynamics
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P. O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin - 721302, India 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Pin - 50603, Malaysia 3School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V. Avenue, Durban, Pin - 4041, South Africa
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, June 2011, 28(6), 1380-1385(6), 10.1007/s11814-010-0524-9
Download PDF
Abstract
Ammonia is a highly volatile noxious material with adverse physiological effects, which becomes intolerable even at very low concentrations and presents substantial environmental and operating hazards and risk. But ammonia has long been known to be useful in the treatment of flue gases from the fossil fuel combustion process, such as in industrial furnaces, incinerators and coal-fired electric power generating plants. The present study is concerned with the methods and means to safely produce relatively small amount (i.e., up to 50 kg/hour) of ammonia. Current study involves experimental investigation for hydrolysis of urea for production of ammonia in a batch reactor at different temperature ranging from 110 ℃ to 180 ℃ against different initial feed concentration (10, 20, and 30 wt%) with different stirring speed ranging from 400 rpm to 1,400 rpm. Three-dimensional geometry and meshing of reactor is created in Gambit, a preprocessor of the commercial software, Fluent, for hydrodynamic study.
Keywords
References
Spokoyny FE, US Patent, 2006/0147361 A1 (2006)
Bhattacharya S, Peters HJ, Fisher J, Spencer HW, Urea-toammonia (U2ATM) systems: Operation and process chemistry, Proceedings of the 2003 Mega Symposium (2003)
Salib R, Keeth R, Optimization of ammonia source for SCR applications, Proceedings of the 2003 Mega Symposium (2003)
Baxter WA, J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 18, 817 (1968)
Dismukes EB, J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 25, 152 (1975)
Turner JR, Chone S, Dudukovic MP, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49(24), 4315 (1994)
Bai H, Biswas P, Keener TC, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 33(5), 1231 (1994)
Nakajima F, Hamada I, Catal. Today, 29(1-4), 109 (1996)
Shantakumar S, Singh DN, Phadke RC, Progress in Energy and Comb. Sci., 34, 685 (2008)
Spencer HW, Peters HJ, US Patent, 6,436,359 B1 (2002)
Park OH, Yoo GJ, Seung BJ, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 24(5), 717 (2007)
Kang M, Park JH, Choi JS, Park ED, Yie JE, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 24(1), 191 (2007)
Mok YS, Lee HW, Hyun YJ, Ham SW, Kim JH, Nam IS, Korean J. Chem Eng., 23, 888 (2001)
Yao J, Choi JS, Yang KS, Sun D, Chung JS, Korean J. Chem Eng., 18(3), 308 (2006)
Kang M, Choi JS, Kim YT, Park ED, Shin CB, Suh DJ, Yie JE, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 26(3), 884 (2009)
Cooper HBH, Spencer HW, US Patent, 6,730,280 B2 (2004)
Rahimpour MR, Chem. Eng. Process., 43(10), 1299 (2004)
Del Prato TA, Spicer HG, US Patent, 20050260108 A1 (2005)
Appl M, Ammonia: Principles and industrial practice, (Wiley-Vch), Weinheim, New York (1999)
Wojichowski DL, US Patent, 2003/0211024 A1 (2003)
Glesmann RT, Titus JJ, H.G. Walker JR, US Patent, 2003/0118494 A1 (2003)
Jacob E, Stiermann E, US Patent, 2006/0045835 A1 (2006)
Young DC, US Patent, 5,252,308 (1993)
Hofmann L, Rusch K, US Patent, 6,471,927 B2 (2002)
Brooks B, Jessup WA, Macarthur BW, US Patent, 6,887,449 B2 (2005)
Jacob E, Stiermann E, US Patent, 2006/0045835 A1 (2006)
Sahu JN, Mahalik K, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47(14), 4689 (2008)
Sahu JN, Mahalik KK, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC, J. Hazard. Mater., 164(2-3), 659 (2009)
Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48(5), 2705 (2009)
Mahalik K, Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC, J. Hazard. Mater., 175(1-3), 629 (2010)
Schell LP, US Patent, 4,087,513 (1978)
Claudel B, Brousse E, Shehadeh G, Thermochim. Acta., 102, 357 (1986)
Isla MA, Irazoqui HA, Genoud CM, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 2662 (1993)
Rudniak L, Machniewski PM, Milewska A, Molga E, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(22-23), 5233 (2004)
Yapici H, Basturk G, Comput. Chem. Eng., 28(11), 2233 (2004)
Magnico P, Fongarland P, Chem. Eng. Sci., 61(4), 1217 (2006)
Sripriya R, Kaulaskar MD, Chakraborty S, Meikap BC, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62(22), 6391 (2007)
Cho JM, Choi JW, Hong SH, Kim KC, Na JH, Lee JY, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(1), 43 (2006)
Bhattacharya S, Peters HJ, Fisher J, Spencer HW, Urea-toammonia (U2ATM) systems: Operation and process chemistry, Proceedings of the 2003 Mega Symposium (2003)
Salib R, Keeth R, Optimization of ammonia source for SCR applications, Proceedings of the 2003 Mega Symposium (2003)
Baxter WA, J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 18, 817 (1968)
Dismukes EB, J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 25, 152 (1975)
Turner JR, Chone S, Dudukovic MP, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49(24), 4315 (1994)
Bai H, Biswas P, Keener TC, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 33(5), 1231 (1994)
Nakajima F, Hamada I, Catal. Today, 29(1-4), 109 (1996)
Shantakumar S, Singh DN, Phadke RC, Progress in Energy and Comb. Sci., 34, 685 (2008)
Spencer HW, Peters HJ, US Patent, 6,436,359 B1 (2002)
Park OH, Yoo GJ, Seung BJ, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 24(5), 717 (2007)
Kang M, Park JH, Choi JS, Park ED, Yie JE, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 24(1), 191 (2007)
Mok YS, Lee HW, Hyun YJ, Ham SW, Kim JH, Nam IS, Korean J. Chem Eng., 23, 888 (2001)
Yao J, Choi JS, Yang KS, Sun D, Chung JS, Korean J. Chem Eng., 18(3), 308 (2006)
Kang M, Choi JS, Kim YT, Park ED, Shin CB, Suh DJ, Yie JE, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 26(3), 884 (2009)
Cooper HBH, Spencer HW, US Patent, 6,730,280 B2 (2004)
Rahimpour MR, Chem. Eng. Process., 43(10), 1299 (2004)
Del Prato TA, Spicer HG, US Patent, 20050260108 A1 (2005)
Appl M, Ammonia: Principles and industrial practice, (Wiley-Vch), Weinheim, New York (1999)
Wojichowski DL, US Patent, 2003/0211024 A1 (2003)
Glesmann RT, Titus JJ, H.G. Walker JR, US Patent, 2003/0118494 A1 (2003)
Jacob E, Stiermann E, US Patent, 2006/0045835 A1 (2006)
Young DC, US Patent, 5,252,308 (1993)
Hofmann L, Rusch K, US Patent, 6,471,927 B2 (2002)
Brooks B, Jessup WA, Macarthur BW, US Patent, 6,887,449 B2 (2005)
Jacob E, Stiermann E, US Patent, 2006/0045835 A1 (2006)
Sahu JN, Mahalik K, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47(14), 4689 (2008)
Sahu JN, Mahalik KK, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC, J. Hazard. Mater., 164(2-3), 659 (2009)
Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48(5), 2705 (2009)
Mahalik K, Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC, J. Hazard. Mater., 175(1-3), 629 (2010)
Schell LP, US Patent, 4,087,513 (1978)
Claudel B, Brousse E, Shehadeh G, Thermochim. Acta., 102, 357 (1986)
Isla MA, Irazoqui HA, Genoud CM, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 2662 (1993)
Rudniak L, Machniewski PM, Milewska A, Molga E, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(22-23), 5233 (2004)
Yapici H, Basturk G, Comput. Chem. Eng., 28(11), 2233 (2004)
Magnico P, Fongarland P, Chem. Eng. Sci., 61(4), 1217 (2006)
Sripriya R, Kaulaskar MD, Chakraborty S, Meikap BC, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62(22), 6391 (2007)
Cho JM, Choi JW, Hong SH, Kim KC, Na JH, Lee JY, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(1), 43 (2006)
