Articles & Issues
- Language
- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
-
Received May 24, 2011
Accepted June 6, 2011
-
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © KIChE. All rights reserved.
All issues
Key technological elements in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC)
System on Chip Chemical Process Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
srhee@postech.ac.kr
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, July 2011, 28(7), 1481-1494(14), 10.1007/s11814-011-0148-8
Download PDF
Abstract
The best cell efficiency of lab scale dye sensitized solar cell (DSC) exceeds 11%, but there are still many technological problems to overcome for commercialization. This review describes key technological elements in DSC, including working electrodes with dye/TiO2/electrolyte interfaces, quasi solid state electrolyte with ion diffusion, and counter electrodes with electrolyte-catalytic electrode interfaces. Their operating principles, equivalent electric circuits and measurement techniques are described.
Keywords
References
Gratzel M, Nature., 414, 338 (2001)
Gratzel M, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C., 4, 145 (2003)
Watson DF, Meyer GJ, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 56, 119 (2005)
Gregg BA, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1215 (2004)
Durrant JR, Haque SA, Palomares E, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1248 (2004)
Wang ZS, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1381 (2004)
Li B, Wang L, Kang B, Wang P, Qiu Y, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 549 (2006)
Karthikeyan CS, Thelakkat M, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 635 (2008)
Murakami TN, Gratzel M, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 572 (2008)
Chen X, Mao SS, Chem. Rev., 107(7), 2891 (2007)
Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M, Acc. Chem. Res., 33, 269 (2000)
Wang Q, Zakeeruddin SM, Nazeeruddin MK, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128(13), 4446 (2006)
Guunes S, Sariciftci NS, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 581 (2008)
Snaith HJ, Schmidt-Mende L, Adv. Mater., 19(20), 3187 (2007)
Gratzel M, Inorg. Chem., 44(20), 6841 (2005)
Bisquert J, Cahen D, Hodes G, Ruhle S, Zaban A, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(24), 8106 (2004)
Deb SK, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 88, 1 (2005)
Granqvist CG, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 91, 1529 (2007)
Gordon RG, MRS Bulletin., 25(8), 52 (2000)
Gregg BA, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(20), 4688 (2003)
Fabregat-Santiago F, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J, Zaban A, Salvador P, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(2), 334 (2002)
Pitarch A, Garcia-Belmonte G, Mora-Sero I, Bisquert J, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 2983 (2004)
Fabregat-Santiago F, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 87, 117 (2005)
Nelson J, Phys. Rev. B., 59, 15374 (1999)
Wang Q, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(31), 14945 (2005)
Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Sero I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Gimenez S, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 17278 (2009)
Adachi M, Sakamoto M, Jiu JT, Ogata Y, Isoda S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110(28), 13872 (2006)
Kern R, Sastrawan R, Ferber J, Stangl R, Luther J, Electrochim. Acta, 47(26), 4213 (2002)
Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Fabregat-Santiago F, Ferriols NS, Bogdanoff P, Pereira EC, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104(10), 2287 (2000)
Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Fabregat-Santiago F, Ferriols NS, Yamashita M, Pereira EC, Electrochem. Commun., 2, 601 (2000)
Bisquert J, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2, 4185 (2000)
Bisquert J, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(2), 325 (2002)
Hauch A, Georg A, Electrochim. Acta, 46(22), 3457 (2001)
Bard AJ, Faulkner LR, Electrochemical methods: Fundamentals and applications, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York (2000)
Roy-Mayhew JD, Bozym DJ. Punckt C, Aksay IA, ACS Nano., 4, 6203 (2010)
Lee WJ, Ramasamy E, Lee DY, Song JS, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 92, 814 (2008)
Fang BZ, Fan SQ, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kim M, Chaudhari NK, Ko J, Yu JS, Langmuir, 26(13), 11238 (2010)
Wang GQ, Xing W, Zhuo SP, J. Power Sources, 194(1), 568 (2009)
Peng S, Cheng F, Shi J, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, Solid state Sci., 11, 2051 (2009)
Zhang Q, Cao G, Nano Today., 6, 91 (2011)
Palomares E, Clifford JN, Haque SA, Lutz T, Durrant JR, Chem. Commun., 1464 (2002)
Gregg BA, Pichot F, Ferrere S, Fields CL, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(7), 1422 (2001)
Wu SJ, Han HW, Tai QD, Zhang J, Xu S, Zhou CH, Yang Y, Hu H, Chen BL, Zhao XZ, J. Power Sources, 182(1), 119 (2008)
Hamann TW, Farha OK, Hupp JT, J. Phys. Chem. C., 112, 19756 (2008)
Lin C, Tsai FY, Lee MH, Lee CH, Tien TC, Wang LP, Tsai SY, J. Mater. Chem., 19, 2999 (2009)
Durrant JR, Haque SA, Palomares E, Coordin. Chem. Rev., 248, 1247 (2004)
Palomares E, Clifford JN, Haque SA, Lutz T, Durrant JR, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(2), 475 (2003)
Zaban A, Chen SG, Chappel S, Gregg BA, Chem. Commun., 2231 (2000)
Park NG, Kang MG, Kim KM, Ryu KS, Chang SH, Kim DK, van de Lagemaat J, Benkstein KD, Frank AJ, Langmuir, 20(10), 4246 (2004)
Kim KE, Jang SR, Park J, Vittal R, Kim KJ, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 91, 366 (2007)
Wang ZS, Yanagida M, Sayama K, Sugihara H, Chem. Mater., 18, 2912 (2006)
Lee S, Kim JY, Hong KS, Jung HS, Lee JK, Shin H, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 2405 (2006)
Zhang L, Shi Y, Peng S, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 197, 260 (2008)
Kim JY, Lee S, Noh JH, Jung HS, Hong KS, J. Electroceram., 23, 422 (2009)
Grigoras K, Franssila S, Airaksinen VM, Thin Solid Films., 516, 5551 (2008)
Kumara GRRA, Tennakone K, Perera VPS, Konno A, Kaneko S, Okuya M, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 34, 868 (2001)
Ganapathy V, Karunagaran B, Rhee SW, J. Power Sources, 195(15), 5138 (2010)
Yum JH, Jang SR, Walter P, Geiger T, Nuesch F, Kim S, Ko J, Gratzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Chem. Commun., 4680 (2007)
Zhang Z, Evans N, Zakeeruddin SM, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. C., 111, 398 (2007)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Comte P, Charvet R, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(51), 14336 (2003)
Ito S, Liska P, Comte P, Charvet R, Pechy P, Bach U, Schmidt-Mende L, Zakeeruddin SM, Kay A, Nazeeruddin MK, Gratzel M, Chem. Commun., 4351 (2005)
Zaban A, Chen SG, Chappel S, Gregg BA, Chem. Commun., 2231 (2000)
Zhang ZP, Zakeeruddin SM, O'Regan BC, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(46), 21818 (2005)
Neale NR, Kopidakis N, van de Lagemaat J, Gratzel M, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(49), 23183 (2005)
Lim J, Kwon YS, Park T, Chem. Commun., 47, 4147 (2011)
Gratzel M, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C., 4, 145 (2003)
Lindstrom H, Holmberg A, Magnusson E, Lindquist SE, Malmqvist L, Hagfeldt A, Nano Lett., 1, 97 (2001)
Seo H, Son MK, Shin I, Kim JK, Lee KJ, Prabakar K, Kim HJ, Electrochim. Acta, 55(13), 4120 (2010)
Nazeeruddin MK, De Angelis F, Fantacci S, Selloni A, Viscardi G, Liska P, Ito S, Takeru B, Gratzel MG, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(48), 16835 (2005)
Hirose F, Shikaku M, Kimura Y, Niwano M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(11), B1578 (2010)
Lim SH, Rhee SW, RSC Adances, in press (2011)
Chuang WT, Chen BS, Chen KY, Hsieh CC, Chou PT, Chem. Commum., 6982 (2009)
Kim Y, Yoo BJ, Vittal R, LeeY, Park NG, Kim KJ, J. Power Sources., 175, 814 (2008)
Huang SY, Schlichthorl G, Nozik AJ, Gratzel M, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101(14), 2576 (1997)
Liu Y, Hagfeldt A, Xiao XR, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 55(3), 267 (1998)
Schlichthorl G, Huang SY, Sprague J, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B., 101, 8319 (1997)
Nakade S, Kanzaki T, Kubo W, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(8), 3480 (2005)
Kopidakis N, Benkstein KD, van de Lagemaat J, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(41), 11307 (2003)
Pelet S, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104(8), 1791 (2000)
Bhattacharya B, Lee JY, Geng J, Jung HT, Park JK, Langmuir, 25(5), 3276 (2009)
Martinson ABF, Hamann TW, Pellin MJ, Hupp JT, Chem.-Eur. J., 14, 4458 (2008)
Barnes PR, Anderson AY, Koops SE, Durrant JR, O’Regan BC, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 1126 (2009)
Dunn HK, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 4726 (2009)
Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Sero I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Gimenez S, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 17278 (2009)
Papageorgiou N, Gratzel M, Infelta PP, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 44, 405 (1996)
Papageorgiou N, Barbe C, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102(21), 4156 (1998)
Chen CY, Wang MK, Li JY, Poortrakulchote N, Alibabaei L, Ngoc-le CH, Decoppet JD, Tsai JH, Gratzel C, Wu CG, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, ACS Nano., 3, 3103 (2009)
Cao F, Oskam G, Searson PC, J. Phys. Chem., 99(47), 17071 (1995)
Kubo W, Murakoshi K, Kitamura T, Yoshida S, Haruki M, Hanabusa K, Shirai H, Wada Y, Yanagida S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(51), 12809 (2001)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Nazeeruddin MK, Sekiguchi T, Gratzel M, Nat. Mater., 2, 402 (2003)
Wang L, Fang S, Lin Y, Zhou X, Li M, Chem. Commun., 5687 (2005)
Wu JH, Lan Z, Lin JM, Huang ML, Hao SC, Sato T, Yin S, Adv. Mater., 19(22), 4006 (2007)
Wu J, Hao S, Lan Z, Lin J, Huang M, Huang Y, Fang L, Yin S, Sato T, Adv. Mater., 17, 2645 (2007)
Shi J, Peng S, Pei J, Liang Y, Cheng F, Chen J, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces., 1, 944 (2009)
Bach U, Lupo D, Comte P, Moser JE, Weissortel F, Salbeck J, Spreitzer H, Gratzel M, Nature., 395, 583 (1998)
Saito Y, Fukuri N, Senadeera R, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Electrochem. Commun., 6, 71 (2003)
Kruger J, Plass R, Gratzel M, Cameron PJ, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(31), 7536 (2003)
Xia JB, Masaki N, Lira-Cantu M, Kim Y, Jiang KJ, Yanagida S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130(4), 1258 (2008)
O’Regan B, Schwartz DT, Chem. Mater., 10, 1501 (1998)
O’Regan B, Lenzmann F, Muis R, Wienke J, Chem. Mater., 14, 5023 (2002)
Lee HJ, Chen P, Moon SJ, Sauvage F, Sivula K, Bessho T, Gamelin DR, Comte P, Zakeeruddin SM, Il Seok S, Gratzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Langmuir, 25(13), 7602 (2009)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(48), 13280 (2003)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126(23), 7164 (2004)
Kuang D, Klein C, Zhang Z, Ito S, Moser JE, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel, Small., 3, 2094 (2007)
Kuang DB, Wang P, Ito S, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128(24), 7732 (2006)
Bai Y, Cao Y, Zhang J, Wang M, Li R, Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Nat. Mat., 7, 626 (2008)
Kubo W, Makimoto Y, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 948 (2002)
Anandan S, Pitchumani S, Muthuraaman B ,Maruthamuthu P, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 1715 (2006)
Stergiopoulos T, Arabatzis IM, Katsaros G, Falaras P, Nano Lett., 2, 1259 (2002)
Katsaros G, Stergiopoulos T, Arabatzis IM, Papadokostaki KG, Falaras P, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A., 149, 191 (2002)
Wu JH, Hao S, Lan Z, Lin JM, Huang ML, Huang YF, Li PJ, Yin S, Satot T, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130(35), 11568 (2008)
Zhou YF, Xiang WC, Chen S, Fang SB, Zhou XW, Zhang JB, Lin Y, Electrochim. Acta, 54(26), 6645 (2009)
Kwon W, Rhee SW, J. Power Sources., J. Power Sources (2011)
Jain RA, Biomaterials., 21, 2475 (2000)
Jennings JR, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. C., 111, 16100 (2007)
Snaith HJ, Gratzel M, Adv. Mater., 19(21), 3643 (2007)
Snaith HJ, Moule AJ, Klein C, Meerholz K, Friend RH, Gratzel M, Nano Lett., 7, 3372 (2007)
Schmidt-Mende L, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 013504 (2005)
Ding IK, Tetreault N, Brillet J, Hardin BE, Smith EH, Rosenthal SJ, Sauvage F, Gratzel M, McGehee MD, Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, 1 (2009)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, Chem. Mater., 16, 2694 (2004)
Wang P, Wenger B, Humphry-Baker R, Moser JE, Teuscher J, Kantlehner W, Mezger J, Stoyanov EV, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(18), 6850 (2005)
Han H, Bach U, Cheng YB, Caruso RA, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 213510 (2007)
Zhang J, Han HW, Wu SJ, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhou CH, Zhao XZ, Solid State Ion., 178(29-30), 1595 (2007)
Zhang X, Yang H, Xiong HM, Li FY, Xia YY, J. Power Sources., 160, 1541 (2006)
Namutdinova G, Sensfuss S, Schrodner M, Hinsch A, Sastrawan R, Gerhard D, Himmler S, Wasserscheid P, Solid State Ion., 177(35-36), 3141 (2006)
Ito BI, de Freitas JN, De Paoli MA, Nogueira AF, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 19, 688 (2008)
Olsen E, Hagen G, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 63, 267 (2000)
Zhang Z, Chen P, Murakami TN, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18(2), 341 (2008)
Wang M, Chamberland N, Breau L, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Marsan B, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Nat. Chem., 2, 385 (2010)
Oskam G, Bergeron BV, Meyer GJ, Searson PC, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(29), 6867 (2001)
Nusbaumer H, Moser JE, Zakeeruddin SM, Nazeeruddin MK, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(43), 10461 (2001)
Hattori S, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Fukuzumi S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(26), 9648 (2005)
Ferber J, Stangl R, Luther J, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 53(1), 29 (1998)
Hagfeldt A, Didriksson B, Palmqvist T, Lindstrom H, Sodergren S, Rensmo H, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 31, 481 (1994)
Papageorgiou N, Maier WF, Gratzel M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144(3), 876 (1997)
Wang GQ, Lin RF, Lin Y, Li XP, Zhou XW, Xiao XR, Electrochim. Acta, 50(28), 5546 (2005)
Hao SC, Wu JH, Lin JM, Huang YF, Compos. Interfaces, 13(8-9), 899 (2006)
Papageorgiou N, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1421 (2004)
Hauch A, Georg A, Electrochim. Acta, 46(22), 3457 (2001)
Fang XM, Ma TL, Guan GQ, Akiyama M, Kida T, Abe E, J. Electroanal. Chem., 570(2), 257 (2004)
Chen CM, Chen CH, Wei TC, Electrochim. Acta, 55(5), 1687 (2010)
Kim SS, Nah YC, Noh YY, Jo J, Kim DY, Electrochim. Acta, 51(18), 3814 (2006)
Li PJ, Wu JH, Lin JM, Huang ML, Lan Z, Li QH, Electrochim. Acta, 53(12), 4161 (2008)
Yoon CH, Vittal R, Lee J, Chae WS, Kim KJ, Electrochim. Acta, 53(6), 2890 (2008)
Dagamseh AMK, Vet B, Tichelaar FD, Sutta P, Zeman M, Thin Solid Films., 516, 7844 (2008)
Fang XM, Ma TL, Akiyama M, Guan GQ, Tsunematsu S, Abe E, Thin Solid Films, 472(1-2), 242 (2005)
Toivola M, Halme J, Miettunen K, Aitola K, Lund PD, Int. J. Energy Res., 33(13), 1145 (2009)
Smestad G, Bignozzi G, Argazzi R, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 32, 259 (1994)
Gratzel M, Nature., 414, 338 (2001)
Calogero G, Bonaccorso F, Marago OM, Gucciardim PG, Marco GD, Dalton Trans., 39, 2903 (2010)
Fan X, Chu ZZ, Wang FZ, Zhang C, Chen L, Tang YW, Zou DC, Adv. Mater., 20(3), 592 (2008)
Okada K, Matsui H, Kawashima T, Ezure T, Tanabe N, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A., 164, 193 (2004)
Chiba Y, Islam A, Watanabe Y, Komiya R, Koide N, Han L, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 45, L638 (2006)
Wang GQ, Lin RF, Wang M, Zhang CN, Lin Y, Xiao XR, Li XP, Chin. Chem. Lett., 15, 1369 (2004)
Mathew X, Thompson GW, Singh VP, McClure JC, Velumani S, Mathews NR, Sebastian PJ, Sol. Energy Mater, Sol. Cells., 76, 293 (2003)
Ma TL, Fang XM, Akiyama M, Inoue K, Noma H, Abe E, J. Electroanal. Chem., 574(1), 77 (2004)
Toivola M, Ahlskog F, Lund P, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 2881 (2006)
Suzuki K, Yamaguchi M, Kumagai M, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 32(1), 28 (2003)
Ramasamy E, Lee WJ, Lee DY, Song JS, Electrochem. Commun., 10, 1087 (2008)
Imoto K, Takahashi K, Yamaguchi T, Komura T, Nakamura J, Murata K, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 79, 459 (2003)
Ramasamy E, Lee JW, Lee DY, Song JS, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 173103 (2007)
Ramasamy E, Chun J, Lee JW, Carbon., 48, 4556 (2010)
Saito Y, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 31(10), 1060 (2002)
Xia JB, Masaki N, Jiang KJ, Yanagida S, J. Mater. Chem., 17, 2845 (2007)
Huang Z, Liu X, Li K, Li D, Luo Y, Li H, Song W, Chen L, Meng Q, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 596 (2007)
Murakami TN, Ito S, Wang Q, Nazeeruddin MK, Bessho T, Cesar I, Liska P, Humphry-Baker R, Comte P, Pechy P, Gratzel M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153(12), A2255 (2006)
Joshi P, Zhang L, Chen Q, Galipeau D, Fong H, Qiao Q, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2, 3572 (2010)
Huang Z, Liu X, Li K, Li D, Luo Y, Li H, Song W, Li. Chen, Meng Q, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 596 (2007)
Ramasamy E, Lee WJ, Lee DY, Song JS, Electrochem. Commun., 10, 1087 (2008)
Banks CE, Davies TJ, Wildgoose GG, Compton RG, Chem. Commun., 7, 829 (2005)
Wang GQ, Xing W, Zhuo SP, J. Power Sources, 194(1), 568 (2009)
Peng S, Cheng F, Shi J, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, Sol. State Sci., 11, 2051 (2009)
Veerappan G, Bojan K, Rhee SW, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 3, 857 (2011)
Fang BZ, Fan SQ, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kim M, Chaudhari NK, Ko J, Yu JS, Langmuir, 26(13), 11238 (2010)
Fan SQ, Fang B, Kim JH, Jeong B, Kim C, Yu JS, Ko J, Langmuir, 26(16), 13644 (2010)
Ramasamy E, Lee JW, Carbon., 48, 3715 (2010)
Yun DJ, Hong KP, Kim SH, Yun WM, Jang JY, Kwon WS, Park CE, Rhee SW, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 3, 857 (2011)
Yun DJ, Rhee SW, J. Mater. Chem. (2011)
Gratzel M, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C., 4, 145 (2003)
Watson DF, Meyer GJ, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 56, 119 (2005)
Gregg BA, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1215 (2004)
Durrant JR, Haque SA, Palomares E, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1248 (2004)
Wang ZS, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1381 (2004)
Li B, Wang L, Kang B, Wang P, Qiu Y, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 549 (2006)
Karthikeyan CS, Thelakkat M, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 635 (2008)
Murakami TN, Gratzel M, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 572 (2008)
Chen X, Mao SS, Chem. Rev., 107(7), 2891 (2007)
Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M, Acc. Chem. Res., 33, 269 (2000)
Wang Q, Zakeeruddin SM, Nazeeruddin MK, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128(13), 4446 (2006)
Guunes S, Sariciftci NS, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 581 (2008)
Snaith HJ, Schmidt-Mende L, Adv. Mater., 19(20), 3187 (2007)
Gratzel M, Inorg. Chem., 44(20), 6841 (2005)
Bisquert J, Cahen D, Hodes G, Ruhle S, Zaban A, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(24), 8106 (2004)
Deb SK, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 88, 1 (2005)
Granqvist CG, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 91, 1529 (2007)
Gordon RG, MRS Bulletin., 25(8), 52 (2000)
Gregg BA, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(20), 4688 (2003)
Fabregat-Santiago F, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J, Zaban A, Salvador P, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(2), 334 (2002)
Pitarch A, Garcia-Belmonte G, Mora-Sero I, Bisquert J, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 2983 (2004)
Fabregat-Santiago F, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 87, 117 (2005)
Nelson J, Phys. Rev. B., 59, 15374 (1999)
Wang Q, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(31), 14945 (2005)
Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Sero I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Gimenez S, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 17278 (2009)
Adachi M, Sakamoto M, Jiu JT, Ogata Y, Isoda S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110(28), 13872 (2006)
Kern R, Sastrawan R, Ferber J, Stangl R, Luther J, Electrochim. Acta, 47(26), 4213 (2002)
Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Fabregat-Santiago F, Ferriols NS, Bogdanoff P, Pereira EC, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104(10), 2287 (2000)
Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Fabregat-Santiago F, Ferriols NS, Yamashita M, Pereira EC, Electrochem. Commun., 2, 601 (2000)
Bisquert J, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2, 4185 (2000)
Bisquert J, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(2), 325 (2002)
Hauch A, Georg A, Electrochim. Acta, 46(22), 3457 (2001)
Bard AJ, Faulkner LR, Electrochemical methods: Fundamentals and applications, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York (2000)
Roy-Mayhew JD, Bozym DJ. Punckt C, Aksay IA, ACS Nano., 4, 6203 (2010)
Lee WJ, Ramasamy E, Lee DY, Song JS, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 92, 814 (2008)
Fang BZ, Fan SQ, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kim M, Chaudhari NK, Ko J, Yu JS, Langmuir, 26(13), 11238 (2010)
Wang GQ, Xing W, Zhuo SP, J. Power Sources, 194(1), 568 (2009)
Peng S, Cheng F, Shi J, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, Solid state Sci., 11, 2051 (2009)
Zhang Q, Cao G, Nano Today., 6, 91 (2011)
Palomares E, Clifford JN, Haque SA, Lutz T, Durrant JR, Chem. Commun., 1464 (2002)
Gregg BA, Pichot F, Ferrere S, Fields CL, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(7), 1422 (2001)
Wu SJ, Han HW, Tai QD, Zhang J, Xu S, Zhou CH, Yang Y, Hu H, Chen BL, Zhao XZ, J. Power Sources, 182(1), 119 (2008)
Hamann TW, Farha OK, Hupp JT, J. Phys. Chem. C., 112, 19756 (2008)
Lin C, Tsai FY, Lee MH, Lee CH, Tien TC, Wang LP, Tsai SY, J. Mater. Chem., 19, 2999 (2009)
Durrant JR, Haque SA, Palomares E, Coordin. Chem. Rev., 248, 1247 (2004)
Palomares E, Clifford JN, Haque SA, Lutz T, Durrant JR, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(2), 475 (2003)
Zaban A, Chen SG, Chappel S, Gregg BA, Chem. Commun., 2231 (2000)
Park NG, Kang MG, Kim KM, Ryu KS, Chang SH, Kim DK, van de Lagemaat J, Benkstein KD, Frank AJ, Langmuir, 20(10), 4246 (2004)
Kim KE, Jang SR, Park J, Vittal R, Kim KJ, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 91, 366 (2007)
Wang ZS, Yanagida M, Sayama K, Sugihara H, Chem. Mater., 18, 2912 (2006)
Lee S, Kim JY, Hong KS, Jung HS, Lee JK, Shin H, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 2405 (2006)
Zhang L, Shi Y, Peng S, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 197, 260 (2008)
Kim JY, Lee S, Noh JH, Jung HS, Hong KS, J. Electroceram., 23, 422 (2009)
Grigoras K, Franssila S, Airaksinen VM, Thin Solid Films., 516, 5551 (2008)
Kumara GRRA, Tennakone K, Perera VPS, Konno A, Kaneko S, Okuya M, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 34, 868 (2001)
Ganapathy V, Karunagaran B, Rhee SW, J. Power Sources, 195(15), 5138 (2010)
Yum JH, Jang SR, Walter P, Geiger T, Nuesch F, Kim S, Ko J, Gratzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Chem. Commun., 4680 (2007)
Zhang Z, Evans N, Zakeeruddin SM, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. C., 111, 398 (2007)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Comte P, Charvet R, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(51), 14336 (2003)
Ito S, Liska P, Comte P, Charvet R, Pechy P, Bach U, Schmidt-Mende L, Zakeeruddin SM, Kay A, Nazeeruddin MK, Gratzel M, Chem. Commun., 4351 (2005)
Zaban A, Chen SG, Chappel S, Gregg BA, Chem. Commun., 2231 (2000)
Zhang ZP, Zakeeruddin SM, O'Regan BC, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(46), 21818 (2005)
Neale NR, Kopidakis N, van de Lagemaat J, Gratzel M, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(49), 23183 (2005)
Lim J, Kwon YS, Park T, Chem. Commun., 47, 4147 (2011)
Gratzel M, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C., 4, 145 (2003)
Lindstrom H, Holmberg A, Magnusson E, Lindquist SE, Malmqvist L, Hagfeldt A, Nano Lett., 1, 97 (2001)
Seo H, Son MK, Shin I, Kim JK, Lee KJ, Prabakar K, Kim HJ, Electrochim. Acta, 55(13), 4120 (2010)
Nazeeruddin MK, De Angelis F, Fantacci S, Selloni A, Viscardi G, Liska P, Ito S, Takeru B, Gratzel MG, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(48), 16835 (2005)
Hirose F, Shikaku M, Kimura Y, Niwano M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(11), B1578 (2010)
Lim SH, Rhee SW, RSC Adances, in press (2011)
Chuang WT, Chen BS, Chen KY, Hsieh CC, Chou PT, Chem. Commum., 6982 (2009)
Kim Y, Yoo BJ, Vittal R, LeeY, Park NG, Kim KJ, J. Power Sources., 175, 814 (2008)
Huang SY, Schlichthorl G, Nozik AJ, Gratzel M, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101(14), 2576 (1997)
Liu Y, Hagfeldt A, Xiao XR, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 55(3), 267 (1998)
Schlichthorl G, Huang SY, Sprague J, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B., 101, 8319 (1997)
Nakade S, Kanzaki T, Kubo W, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(8), 3480 (2005)
Kopidakis N, Benkstein KD, van de Lagemaat J, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(41), 11307 (2003)
Pelet S, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104(8), 1791 (2000)
Bhattacharya B, Lee JY, Geng J, Jung HT, Park JK, Langmuir, 25(5), 3276 (2009)
Martinson ABF, Hamann TW, Pellin MJ, Hupp JT, Chem.-Eur. J., 14, 4458 (2008)
Barnes PR, Anderson AY, Koops SE, Durrant JR, O’Regan BC, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 1126 (2009)
Dunn HK, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 4726 (2009)
Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Sero I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Gimenez S, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 17278 (2009)
Papageorgiou N, Gratzel M, Infelta PP, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 44, 405 (1996)
Papageorgiou N, Barbe C, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102(21), 4156 (1998)
Chen CY, Wang MK, Li JY, Poortrakulchote N, Alibabaei L, Ngoc-le CH, Decoppet JD, Tsai JH, Gratzel C, Wu CG, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, ACS Nano., 3, 3103 (2009)
Cao F, Oskam G, Searson PC, J. Phys. Chem., 99(47), 17071 (1995)
Kubo W, Murakoshi K, Kitamura T, Yoshida S, Haruki M, Hanabusa K, Shirai H, Wada Y, Yanagida S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(51), 12809 (2001)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Nazeeruddin MK, Sekiguchi T, Gratzel M, Nat. Mater., 2, 402 (2003)
Wang L, Fang S, Lin Y, Zhou X, Li M, Chem. Commun., 5687 (2005)
Wu JH, Lan Z, Lin JM, Huang ML, Hao SC, Sato T, Yin S, Adv. Mater., 19(22), 4006 (2007)
Wu J, Hao S, Lan Z, Lin J, Huang M, Huang Y, Fang L, Yin S, Sato T, Adv. Mater., 17, 2645 (2007)
Shi J, Peng S, Pei J, Liang Y, Cheng F, Chen J, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces., 1, 944 (2009)
Bach U, Lupo D, Comte P, Moser JE, Weissortel F, Salbeck J, Spreitzer H, Gratzel M, Nature., 395, 583 (1998)
Saito Y, Fukuri N, Senadeera R, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Electrochem. Commun., 6, 71 (2003)
Kruger J, Plass R, Gratzel M, Cameron PJ, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(31), 7536 (2003)
Xia JB, Masaki N, Lira-Cantu M, Kim Y, Jiang KJ, Yanagida S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130(4), 1258 (2008)
O’Regan B, Schwartz DT, Chem. Mater., 10, 1501 (1998)
O’Regan B, Lenzmann F, Muis R, Wienke J, Chem. Mater., 14, 5023 (2002)
Lee HJ, Chen P, Moon SJ, Sauvage F, Sivula K, Bessho T, Gamelin DR, Comte P, Zakeeruddin SM, Il Seok S, Gratzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Langmuir, 25(13), 7602 (2009)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(48), 13280 (2003)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126(23), 7164 (2004)
Kuang D, Klein C, Zhang Z, Ito S, Moser JE, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel, Small., 3, 2094 (2007)
Kuang DB, Wang P, Ito S, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128(24), 7732 (2006)
Bai Y, Cao Y, Zhang J, Wang M, Li R, Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Nat. Mat., 7, 626 (2008)
Kubo W, Makimoto Y, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 948 (2002)
Anandan S, Pitchumani S, Muthuraaman B ,Maruthamuthu P, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 1715 (2006)
Stergiopoulos T, Arabatzis IM, Katsaros G, Falaras P, Nano Lett., 2, 1259 (2002)
Katsaros G, Stergiopoulos T, Arabatzis IM, Papadokostaki KG, Falaras P, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A., 149, 191 (2002)
Wu JH, Hao S, Lan Z, Lin JM, Huang ML, Huang YF, Li PJ, Yin S, Satot T, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130(35), 11568 (2008)
Zhou YF, Xiang WC, Chen S, Fang SB, Zhou XW, Zhang JB, Lin Y, Electrochim. Acta, 54(26), 6645 (2009)
Kwon W, Rhee SW, J. Power Sources., J. Power Sources (2011)
Jain RA, Biomaterials., 21, 2475 (2000)
Jennings JR, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. C., 111, 16100 (2007)
Snaith HJ, Gratzel M, Adv. Mater., 19(21), 3643 (2007)
Snaith HJ, Moule AJ, Klein C, Meerholz K, Friend RH, Gratzel M, Nano Lett., 7, 3372 (2007)
Schmidt-Mende L, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 013504 (2005)
Ding IK, Tetreault N, Brillet J, Hardin BE, Smith EH, Rosenthal SJ, Sauvage F, Gratzel M, McGehee MD, Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, 1 (2009)
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, Chem. Mater., 16, 2694 (2004)
Wang P, Wenger B, Humphry-Baker R, Moser JE, Teuscher J, Kantlehner W, Mezger J, Stoyanov EV, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(18), 6850 (2005)
Han H, Bach U, Cheng YB, Caruso RA, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 213510 (2007)
Zhang J, Han HW, Wu SJ, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhou CH, Zhao XZ, Solid State Ion., 178(29-30), 1595 (2007)
Zhang X, Yang H, Xiong HM, Li FY, Xia YY, J. Power Sources., 160, 1541 (2006)
Namutdinova G, Sensfuss S, Schrodner M, Hinsch A, Sastrawan R, Gerhard D, Himmler S, Wasserscheid P, Solid State Ion., 177(35-36), 3141 (2006)
Ito BI, de Freitas JN, De Paoli MA, Nogueira AF, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 19, 688 (2008)
Olsen E, Hagen G, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 63, 267 (2000)
Zhang Z, Chen P, Murakami TN, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18(2), 341 (2008)
Wang M, Chamberland N, Breau L, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Marsan B, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Nat. Chem., 2, 385 (2010)
Oskam G, Bergeron BV, Meyer GJ, Searson PC, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(29), 6867 (2001)
Nusbaumer H, Moser JE, Zakeeruddin SM, Nazeeruddin MK, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(43), 10461 (2001)
Hattori S, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Fukuzumi S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(26), 9648 (2005)
Ferber J, Stangl R, Luther J, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 53(1), 29 (1998)
Hagfeldt A, Didriksson B, Palmqvist T, Lindstrom H, Sodergren S, Rensmo H, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 31, 481 (1994)
Papageorgiou N, Maier WF, Gratzel M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144(3), 876 (1997)
Wang GQ, Lin RF, Lin Y, Li XP, Zhou XW, Xiao XR, Electrochim. Acta, 50(28), 5546 (2005)
Hao SC, Wu JH, Lin JM, Huang YF, Compos. Interfaces, 13(8-9), 899 (2006)
Papageorgiou N, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1421 (2004)
Hauch A, Georg A, Electrochim. Acta, 46(22), 3457 (2001)
Fang XM, Ma TL, Guan GQ, Akiyama M, Kida T, Abe E, J. Electroanal. Chem., 570(2), 257 (2004)
Chen CM, Chen CH, Wei TC, Electrochim. Acta, 55(5), 1687 (2010)
Kim SS, Nah YC, Noh YY, Jo J, Kim DY, Electrochim. Acta, 51(18), 3814 (2006)
Li PJ, Wu JH, Lin JM, Huang ML, Lan Z, Li QH, Electrochim. Acta, 53(12), 4161 (2008)
Yoon CH, Vittal R, Lee J, Chae WS, Kim KJ, Electrochim. Acta, 53(6), 2890 (2008)
Dagamseh AMK, Vet B, Tichelaar FD, Sutta P, Zeman M, Thin Solid Films., 516, 7844 (2008)
Fang XM, Ma TL, Akiyama M, Guan GQ, Tsunematsu S, Abe E, Thin Solid Films, 472(1-2), 242 (2005)
Toivola M, Halme J, Miettunen K, Aitola K, Lund PD, Int. J. Energy Res., 33(13), 1145 (2009)
Smestad G, Bignozzi G, Argazzi R, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 32, 259 (1994)
Gratzel M, Nature., 414, 338 (2001)
Calogero G, Bonaccorso F, Marago OM, Gucciardim PG, Marco GD, Dalton Trans., 39, 2903 (2010)
Fan X, Chu ZZ, Wang FZ, Zhang C, Chen L, Tang YW, Zou DC, Adv. Mater., 20(3), 592 (2008)
Okada K, Matsui H, Kawashima T, Ezure T, Tanabe N, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A., 164, 193 (2004)
Chiba Y, Islam A, Watanabe Y, Komiya R, Koide N, Han L, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 45, L638 (2006)
Wang GQ, Lin RF, Wang M, Zhang CN, Lin Y, Xiao XR, Li XP, Chin. Chem. Lett., 15, 1369 (2004)
Mathew X, Thompson GW, Singh VP, McClure JC, Velumani S, Mathews NR, Sebastian PJ, Sol. Energy Mater, Sol. Cells., 76, 293 (2003)
Ma TL, Fang XM, Akiyama M, Inoue K, Noma H, Abe E, J. Electroanal. Chem., 574(1), 77 (2004)
Toivola M, Ahlskog F, Lund P, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 2881 (2006)
Suzuki K, Yamaguchi M, Kumagai M, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 32(1), 28 (2003)
Ramasamy E, Lee WJ, Lee DY, Song JS, Electrochem. Commun., 10, 1087 (2008)
Imoto K, Takahashi K, Yamaguchi T, Komura T, Nakamura J, Murata K, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 79, 459 (2003)
Ramasamy E, Lee JW, Lee DY, Song JS, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 173103 (2007)
Ramasamy E, Chun J, Lee JW, Carbon., 48, 4556 (2010)
Saito Y, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 31(10), 1060 (2002)
Xia JB, Masaki N, Jiang KJ, Yanagida S, J. Mater. Chem., 17, 2845 (2007)
Huang Z, Liu X, Li K, Li D, Luo Y, Li H, Song W, Chen L, Meng Q, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 596 (2007)
Murakami TN, Ito S, Wang Q, Nazeeruddin MK, Bessho T, Cesar I, Liska P, Humphry-Baker R, Comte P, Pechy P, Gratzel M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153(12), A2255 (2006)
Joshi P, Zhang L, Chen Q, Galipeau D, Fong H, Qiao Q, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2, 3572 (2010)
Huang Z, Liu X, Li K, Li D, Luo Y, Li H, Song W, Li. Chen, Meng Q, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 596 (2007)
Ramasamy E, Lee WJ, Lee DY, Song JS, Electrochem. Commun., 10, 1087 (2008)
Banks CE, Davies TJ, Wildgoose GG, Compton RG, Chem. Commun., 7, 829 (2005)
Wang GQ, Xing W, Zhuo SP, J. Power Sources, 194(1), 568 (2009)
Peng S, Cheng F, Shi J, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, Sol. State Sci., 11, 2051 (2009)
Veerappan G, Bojan K, Rhee SW, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 3, 857 (2011)
Fang BZ, Fan SQ, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kim M, Chaudhari NK, Ko J, Yu JS, Langmuir, 26(13), 11238 (2010)
Fan SQ, Fang B, Kim JH, Jeong B, Kim C, Yu JS, Ko J, Langmuir, 26(16), 13644 (2010)
Ramasamy E, Lee JW, Carbon., 48, 3715 (2010)
Yun DJ, Hong KP, Kim SH, Yun WM, Jang JY, Kwon WS, Park CE, Rhee SW, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 3, 857 (2011)
Yun DJ, Rhee SW, J. Mater. Chem. (2011)
