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Received May 22, 2011
Accepted March 3, 2012
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Comparison of different fluid dynamics in activated sludge system for the treatment of a stimulated milk processing wastewater: Process analysis and optimization
Water and Wastewater Research Center (WWRC), Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 1Kermanshah Water and Wastewater Company, Mostafa Emami Ave., Kermanshah, Iran 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, October 2012, 29(10), 1352-1361(10), 10.1007/s11814-012-0029-9
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Abstract
Wastewater from the milk industry usually undergoes activated sludge ahead of refining treatments, final discharge or reuse. To identify the most effective bioreactor hydraulic regime for the secondary treatment of wastewater resulting from the milk industry in an activated sludge system, two lab-scale activated sludge systems characterized by a different configuration and fluid dynamics (i.e., a compartmentalized activated sludge (CAS) with plug flow regime and a complete mixed activated sludge (AS)) were operated in parallel, inoculated with the same microbial consortium and fed with identical streams of a stimulated dairy wastewater. The effect of three process and operational variables--influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, sludge recycle ratio (R) and hydraulic retention time (HRT)--on the performance of the two systems were investigated. Experiments were conducted based on a central composite_x000D_
face-centered design (CCFD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The region of exploration for treatment of the synthetic wastewater was taken as the area enclosed by the CODin (200, 1,000 mg/l), R (1, 5), and HRT (2, 5 h) boundaries. To evaluate the process, three parameters, COD removal efficiency (E), specific substrate utilization rate (U), and sludge volume index (SVI), were measured and calculated over the course of the experiments as the process responses. The change of the flow regime from complete-mix to plug flow resulted in considerable improvements in the COD removal efficiency of milk wastewater and sludge settling properties. SVI levels for CAS system (30-58 ml/g) were considerably smaller that for the AS system (50-145 ml/g). In addition, the biomass production yield could be reduced by about 10% compared to the AS system. The results indicated that for the wastewater, the design HRT of a CAS reactor could be shortened to 2-4 h.
Keywords
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Berruga MI, Jaspe A, San-Jose C, Int. Biodeter. Biodeg., 40, 119 (1997)
Arceivala JS, Wastewater treatment for pollution control, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi (1998)
Burgess JE, Quarmby J, Biotechnol. Adv., 17, 49 (1999)
Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, McGraw-Hill, New York (2003)
Grady PLG, Daigger GT, Lim HC, Biological wastewater treatment, Marcel Dekker, New York (1999)
Song KH, Lee KR, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 24(1), 116 (2007)
Abdulgader ME, Yu QJ, Williams P, Zinatizadeh AAL, In Proceedings of 1st Conference on Environmental Management, Engineering, Planning and Economics, Greece (2007)
Yu QJ, Xu H, Yao D, Williams P, Water Sci. Technol., 11, 189 (2003)
Sirianuntapilboon S, Jeeyachok N, Larplai R, J. Environ. Manage., 76, 177 (2005)
Garrido JM, Omil F, Arrojo B, Mendez R, Lema JM, Water Sci. Technol., 43, 2498 (2001)
Keller J, Watts S, Battye-Smith W, Chong R, Water Sci. Technol., 43, 355 (2001)
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Bandpi AM, Bazari H, Iran, J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 1, 65 (2004)
Casey E, Glennon B, Hamer G, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 62(2), 183 (1999)
Lim JW, Ng SL, Khor SM, Seng CE, Korean J. Chem.Eng., DOI:10.1007/s11814-011-0267-2 (2012)
Raj SA, Murthy DVS, J. Environ. Sci. Health., A34, 357 (1999)
Britz TJ, Schalkwyk C, Hung YT, Waste Treatment in the Food Processing Industry, Chapter one, Treatment of Dairy Processing Wastewater, Taylor & Francis, New York (2006)
Donkin J, Russell JM, Water Sci. Technol., 36, 79 (1997)
Altaf M, Naveena BJ, Reddy G, Bioresour. Technol., 98(3), 498 (2007)
Shi XY, Yu HQ, Process Biochem., 40, 645 (2005)
Cui JD, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 27(1), 174 (2010)
Yang K, Yu Y, Hwang S, Water Res., 37, 2467 (2003)
Aghamohammadi N, Aziz HB, Isa MH, Zinatizadeh AA, Bioresour. Technol., 98(18), 3570 (2007)
Hadavifar M, Zinatizadeh AA, Younesi H, Galehdar M, Asia-Pacific J. Chem. Eng., 313 (2009)
Zinatizadeh AAL, Mohamed AR, Abdullah AZ, Mashitah MD, Hasnain M, Najafpour GD, Water Res., 40, 3193 (2006)
Ziabari M, Mottaghitalab V, Haghi AK, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 27(1), 340 (2010)
Akhbari A, Zinatizadeh AAL, Mohammadi P, Irandoust M, Mansouri Y, Chem. Eng. J., 168(1), 269 (2011)
Mohseni-Bandpi A, Bazari H, Iranian, J. Env. Health Sci. Eng., 1, 65 (2004)
Flapper TG, Ashbolt NJ, Lee AT, From the lab to full scale SBR operation: Treating high strength variable industrial wastewater, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology, July (2000)
Wintgens T, Rosen J, Melin T, Brepols C, Drensla K, Engelhardt N, J. Membr. Sci., 216(1-2), 55 (2003)
Oliveira DS, Prinholato AC, Ratusznei SM, Rodriguesa JAD, Zaiat M, Foresti E, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 10 (2009)
Farizoglu B, Keskinler B, Yildiz E, Nuhoglu A, Process Biochem., 39, 2283 (2004)
Kuehl R, Design of Experiments: Statistical principles of research design and analysis, C. A: Duxbury Press, Pacific Grove (2000)
Khuri AI, Cornell JA, Response surfaces: Design and analyses, Marcel Dekker, New York (1996)
APHA, WPCF, AWWA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed., American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington DC (1999)
Montgomery DC, Design and analysis of experiments, John Wiley & Sons, USA (1996)
Mason RL, Gunst RF, Hess JL, Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments, eighth applications to engineering and science, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2003)
Hosseini B, Najafpour GD, Sadeghpour M, Asadi M, Chem.Ind., 3, 468 (2008)
Chakraborty S, Veeramani H, Process Biochem., 41, 96 (2006)
Octave Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2003)
Wong YS, Omar M, Kadir AB, Teng TT, Bioresour. Technol., 21 (2009)
Liu Y, Tay JH, Biotechnol. Adv., 22, 533 (2004)
Nieder V, Kutzer M, Kren V, Gallego RG, Kamerling JP, Elling L, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 34(5), 407 (2004)
