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Received October 28, 2010
Accepted October 5, 2011
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Removal of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by agricultural waste cashew nut shell
Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
Subramaniam Ramalingam1
Vasanthakumar Sathyaselvabala2
Selvaraj Dinesh Kirupha2
Arukkani Murugesan2
Subramanian Sivanesan2†
Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai 603 110, India 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, LA 70504, United States, USA 2Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
sivanesh1963@gmail.com
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, June 2012, 29(6), 756-768(13), 10.1007/s11814-011-0259-2
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Abstract
Cashew nut shell (CNS) is a low cost adsorbent that has been used for the removal of cadmium(II) from an aqueous solution. The effects of various parameters such as solution pH, CNS concentration, contact time, initial cadmium(II) concentration and temperature were examined. The CNS was effective for the quantitative removal of cadmium(II) ions in acidic conditions and equilibrium was achieved in 30 min. The experimental data were analyzed by two-parameter (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich) and three-parameter models (Redlich-Peterson, Koble-Corrigan, Toth and Sips) by nonlinear regression analysis. The characteristic parameters for each isotherms and related correlation coefficients have been determined by using MATLAB 7.1. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo have also been evaluated, and it was found that the sorption process was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich kinetic and intraparticle diffusion models were selected to follow the adsorption process. The results of the kinetic study show that the adsorption of cadmium(II) could be described by the pseudo-second order equation, suggesting that the adsorption process is presumably chemisorption. A single-stage batch adsorber was designed for different adsorbent dose-to-effluent volume ratios using the Freundlich equation. The results indicate that the cashew nut shell could be used to effectively adsorb cadmium(II) from an aqueous solution.
Keywords
References
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Zheng L, Dang Z, Zhu C, Yi X, Zhang H, Liu C, Bioresour.Technol., 101, 5820 (2010)
O’Connell DW, Birkinshaw C, O’Dwyer TF, Bioresour.Technol., 99, 6709 (2008)
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Mohan D, Singh KP, Water Res., 36, 2304 (2002)
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Orhan Y, Buyukgunor H, Water Sci. Technol., 28, 247 (1993)
Corapcioglu MO, Huang CP, Water Res., 21, 1031 (1987)
Pollard SJT, Fowler GD, Sollars C, Perry R, Sci. Total Environ., 116, 31 (1992)
Babel S, Kurniawan TA, J. Hazard. Mater., 97(1-3), 219 (2003)
Marzal P, Seco A, Gabaldon C, Ferrer J, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 66(3), 279 (1996)
Dobrowolski R, Jaroniec M, Kosmulski M, Carbon., 24, 15 (1986)
Sud D, Mahajan G, Kaur MP, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 6017 (2008)
Senthilkumar P, Gayathri R, Environ. Eng. Manage. J., 9, 429 (2010)
Kumar PS, Ramakrishnan K, Kirupha SD, Sivanesan S, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 27, 347 (2010)
Garg U, Kaur MP, Jawa GK, Sud D, Garg VK, J. Hazard. Mater., 154(1-3), 1149 (2008)
Eseudero C, Gabaldon C, Marzal P, Villaescusa I, J. Hazard. Mater., 152(2), 476 (2008)
Leyva-Ramos R, Bernal-Jacome LA, Acosta-Rodriguez I, Sep. Purif. Technol., 45(1), 41 (2005)
Gaey M, Marchetti V, Clement A, Loubinoux B, Gerardin P, J. Wood Sci., 46, 331 (2000)
Cay S, Uyanik A, Ozasik A, Sep. Purif. Technol., 38(3), 273 (2004)
Doyurum S, Celik A, J. Hazard. Mater., B138, 22 (2006)
Cimino G, Passerini A, Toscano G, Water Res., 34, 2955 (2000)
Gupta VK, Jain CK, Ali I, Sharma M, Salini VK, Water Res., 37, 4038 (2003)
Kandah MI, Sep. Purif. Technol., 35(1), 61 (2004)
Singh DB, Rupainwar DC, Prasad G, Jayaprakas KC, J. Hazard. Mater., 60, 29 (1998)
Singh KK, Singh AK, Hasan SH, Bioresour. Technol., 97(8), 994 (2006)
Kapoor A, Viraraghavan T, Cullimore DR, Bioresour. Technol., 70(1), 95 (1999)
Yan G, Viraraghavan T, Water Res., 37, 4486 (2003)
Liu Y, Chang X, Guo Y, Meng S, J. Hazard. Mater., B135, 389 (2006)
Hashim MA, Chu KH, Chem. Eng. J., 97(2-3), 249 (2004)
Madhava Rao M, Ramesh A, Purna Chandra Rao G, Seshaiah K, J. Hazard. Mater., B129, 123 (2006)
Kula I, Ugurlu M, Karaoglu H, Celik A, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 492 (2002)
Mohan D, Pittman CU, Bricka M, Smith F, Yancey B, Mohammad J, Steele PH, Alexandre-Franco MF, Gomez-Serrano V, Gong H, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 310(1), 57 (2007)
Toles CA, Marshall WE, Johns MM, Carbon., 35, 1407 (1997)
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Rathinam A, Maharshi B, Janardhanan SK, Jonnalagadda RR, Nair BU, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 1466 (2010)
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Zakaria ZA, Suratman M, Mohammed N, Ahmad WA, Desalination, 244(1-3), 109 (2009)
Chakravarty P, Sen Sarma N, Sarma HP, Desalination, 256(1-3), 16 (2010)
Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 309 (1938)
Vimala R, Das N, J. Hazard. Mater., 168(1), 376 (2009)
Nomanbhay SM, Palanisamy K, Electron. J. Biotechnol., 8, 43 (2004)
Semerjian L, J. Hazard. Mater., 173(1-3), 236 (2010)
Chakravarty P, Sen Sarma N, Sarma HP, Desalination, 256(1-3), 16 (2010)
McCabe WL, Smith JC, Harriott P, Unit operations of chemical engineering, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, Singapore (1993)
Kul AR, Koyuncu H, J. Hazard. Mater., 179(1-3), 332 (2010)
Langmuir I, J. Ame. Chem. Soc., 40, 1361 (1918)
Freundlich HMF, J. Phys. Chem., 57, 385 (1906)
Temkin MJ, Pyzhev V, Acta Physicochim. URSS., 12, 217 (1940)
Dubinin MM, Radushkevich LV, Chem Zent., 1, 875 (1947)
Redlich O, Peterson DL, J. Phys. Chem., 63, 1024 (1959)
Koble RA, Corrigan TE, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 383 (1952)
Toth J, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 69, 311 (1961)
Volesky B, Hydrometallurgy., 71, 179 (2003)
Weber TW, Chakraborty RK, J. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 20, 228 (1974)
Gunay A, Arslankaya E, Tosun I, J. Hazard. Mater., 146(1-2), 362 (2007)
Kundu S, Gupta AK, Chem. Eng. J., 122(1-2), 93 (2006)
Helfferich F, Ion exchange, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1962)
Chen H, Dai GL, Zhao J, Zhong AG, Wu JY, Yan H, J. Hazard. Mater., 177(1-3), 228 (2010)
Lagergren S, Kungliga Svenska Vetensk Handl., 24, 1 (1898)
Ho YS, McKay G, Process Biochem., 34(5), 451 (1999)
Ho YS, McKay G, Adsorpt. Sci. Technol.
Weber WJ, Morris JC, J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 89, 31 (1963)
McKay G, Otterburn MS, Aga JA, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 24, 307 (1985)
