Articles & Issues
- Language
- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
-
Received April 17, 2012
Accepted May 25, 2012
-
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © KIChE. All rights reserved.
All issues
Bioprocessing aspects of fuels and chemicals from biomass
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50, Daehak-ro, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 380-702, Korea
whhong@kaist.ac.kr
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, July 2012, 29(7), 831-850(20), 10.1007/s11814-012-0080-6
Download PDF
Abstract
This review deals with a recent development of biofuels and chemicals from biomass. Some of the grainbased biofuels and chemicals have already been in commercial operation, including fuel ethanol, biodiesel, 1.3-propanediol, polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxy butyric acid/alkanoates (PHB/PHA). The next generation bioproducts will be based on lignocellulosics due to their abundance and to stabilize rising food prices. However, the technologies of handling biomass are yet in their infancy and suffer from low yield, low product titer, and low productivity. This review focuses on bioprocessing technologies for biofuels production: organic raw biomaterials available in Korea; volatile fatty acids platform, multi-stage continuous high cell density culture (MSC-HCDC), enrichment of fermentation broth by forward osmosis; various purification methods of pervaporation of ethanol, solvent extraction on succinic, lactic acids and reactive separation methods.
Keywords
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_bang.
http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/12/earths-clock-of.html.
http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/htmlversion/archean3.html.
http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/cm/v3/n3/primitive-atmosphere.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/mypp_april_2011.pdf.
Sierra R, Smith A, Granada C, Holtzapple MT, Chem. Eng.Prog., 104, S10 (2008)
Chang HN, Kim NJ, Kang J, Jeong CM, Choi JKR, Fei Q, Kim BJ, Kwon S, Lee SY, Kim J, Bioproc. Biosyst. Eng., 34, 419 (2011)
Chang HN, Choi JDR, Lee SY, Lee JW, Park S, Kim W, Kim TW, Jung K, Park GW, Kong W, Im SG, KR Patent, 10-2011-0108815 (pending).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil.
Kamm B, Gruber PR, Kamm M, Biorefineries - Industrial Processes and Products, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim (2006)
Chang HN, Kim NJ, Kang J, Choi JDR, Park GW, Kong WJ, J. KORRA., 18, 32 (2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country.
Ricklefs RE, Miller GL, Ecology, Macmillan, New York (1999)
Park C, The environment: principles and applications, Routledge, London (2001)
http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/files/news_pub_2008_energyoutlook.pdf.
http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Files/news_pub_eo2012.pdf.
http://www.eco-action.org/dt/oilfut.html.
http://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/oecdbiofuels.pdf.
http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/hydro/hydrogen.html.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel.
http://www.emerging-markets.com/PDF/Biodiesel2020Study.pdf.
http://www.cifor.org/bioenergy/_ref/research/output/published-document.htm.
Park MS, personal communication, Los Alamos Lab, March 7 (2012)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acid.
Yang TH, Kim TW, Kang HO, Lee SH, Lee EJ, Lim SC, Oh SO, Song AJ, Park SJ, Lee SY, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 105(1), 150 (2010)
Jung YK, Kim TY, Park SJ, Lee SY, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 105(1), 161 (2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxybutyrate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoates.
http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=202545927.
Chen GQ Ed., Microbiology Monographs, A. Steinbuchel Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3-Propanediol.
http://www.chem.uu.nl/brew/BREWsymposiumWiesbaden11mei 2005/WEBSITEBrewPresentations51105.PDF.
Biebl H, Menzel K, Zeng AP, Deckwer WD, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 52(3), 289 (1999)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioseparation_of_1,3-propanediol.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorona.
http://www.nrel.gov/.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_ process.
Leckel D, Energy Fuels, 23, 2342 (2009)
http://www.biofuelstp.eu/algae.html.
Chisti Y, Biotechnol. Adv., 25, 294 (2007)
Fei Q, Chang HN, Shang L, Choi JDR, Kim NJ, Kang J, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 2695 (2011)
Fei Q, Chang HN, Shang L, Choi JDR, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 16, 482 (2011)
Li Q, Du W, Liu DH, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 80(5), 749 (2008)
Shi S, Valle-Rodriguez JO, Siewers V, Nielsen J, Biotechnol.J., 6, 277 (2011)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxymethylfurfural.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furfural.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanol.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid.
Lee PC, Lee SY, Hong SH, Chang HN, Park SC, Biotechnol. Lett., 25(2), 111 (2003)
Lee PC, Lee WG, Kwon S, Lee SY, Chang HN, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54(1), 23 (2000)
Lee PC, Lee WG, Lee SY, Chang HN, Process Biochem., 35(1), 49 (1999)
Lee PC, Lee WG, Hong SH, Chang HN, Bioproc. Biosyst.Eng., 26, 63 (2003)
Kim DY, Yim SC, Lee PC, Lee WG, Lee SY, Chang HN, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 35(6-7), 648 (2004)
Kim MI, Kim NJ, Shang L, Chang YK, Lee SY, Chang HN, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 19, 1369 (2009)
Yoo IK, Chang HN, Lee EG, Chang YK, Moon SH, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 84(2), 172 (1997)
Yoo IK, Seong GH, Chang HN, Park JK, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19(6), 428 (1996)
Kwon S, Yoo IK, Lee WG, Chang HN, Chang YK, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 73(1), 25 (2001)
Woo SI, Kim BO, Jun HS, Chang HN, Polym. Bull., 35(4), 415 (1995)
Choi EJ, Park JK, Chang HN, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 32(15), 2481 (1994)
Lee YH, Lee CW, Chang HN, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 30, 141 (1989)
Chung BH, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 32, 205 (1988)
Krivoruchko A, Siewers V, Nielsen J, Biotechnol. J., 6, 262 (2011)
Shuler and F. Kargi, Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2001)
Chang HN, Yoo IK, Kim BS, Biotechnol. Adv., 12, 467 (1994)
Lee CW, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 29, 1105 (1987)
Chang HN, Lee WG, Kim BS, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 41, 677 (1993)
Chang HN, Yang JW, Park YS, Kim DJ, Han KC, J.Biotechnol., 24, 329 (1992)
Lee WG, Park BG, Chang YK, Chang HN, Lee JS, Park SC, Biotechnol. Prog., 16(2), 302 (2000)
Lee WG, Lee YS, Chang YS, Chang HN, Chang YK, Biotechnol. Technol., 8, 817 (1994)
Oh DJ, Choi SK, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44(8), 895 (1994)
Lee JC, Chang HN, Oh DJ, Biotechnol. Prog., 21(1), 134 (2005)
Lee JC, Kim DY, Oh DJ, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 13, 560 (2008)
Lee JC, Kim DY, Oh DJ, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 13, 401 (2008)
Chang HN, Kim BJ, Kang JW, Jeong CM, Kim NJ, Park JK, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 13, 123 (2008)
Chang HN, Jeong CM, Kang JW, Choi JDR, Park YS, Ku JK, J. KORRA., 19, 55 (2011)
Kim IH, Kang IS, Chang HN, Desalination., 33, 139 (1980)
Furusak S, Kojima T, Miyauchi T, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 10, 233 (1977)
Kim IH, Chang HN, AIChE J., 29, 645 (1983)
Kang IS, Chang HN, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 25, 1167 (1982)
Kim DH, Kim IH, Chang HN, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 26, 1007 (1983)
Park JK, Chang HN, AIChE J., 32, 1937 (1986)
Goosen MFA, O’Shea GM, Sun AM, US Patent, 4,673,566 (1987)
Chang HN, Seong GH, Yoo IK, Park JK, Seo JH, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 51(2), 157 (1996)
Seong GH, Han SJ, Chang HN, Lee J, Biotechnol. Lett., 19(9), 881 (1997)
Park JK, Jin YB, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 63(1), 116 (1999)
Park JK, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Adv., 18, 303 (2000)
Seo KS, Choo KH, Chang HN, Park JK, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 83(2), 217 (2009)
Yoo IK, Seong GH, Chang HN, Park JK, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19(6), 428 (1996)
Chang HN, Moo-young M, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 29, 107 (1988)
Tengerdy RP, Johnson JE, Hollo J, Toth J, Appl. Biochem.Biotechnol., 6, 3 (1981)
Lee WG, Lee JS, Shin CS, Park SC, Chang HN, Chang YK, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 78, 547 (1999)
Li H, Kim NJ, Jiang M, Kang JW, Chang HN, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 3245 (2009)
Kim NJ, Li H, Jung K, Chang HN, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 7466 (2011)
Lim SJ, Kim BJ, Jeong CM, Choi JDR, Ann YH, Chang HN, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 7866 (2008)
Lim SJ, Kim EY, Ahn YH, Chang HN, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 25(1), 129 (2008)
Lim SJ, Ahn YH, Kim EY, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 11, 538 (2006)
Choi JDR, Chang HN, Han JI, Biotechnol. Lett., 33(4), 705 (2011)
Jeong CM, Choi JDR, Ahn Y, Chang HN, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 25(3), 535 (2008)
Chang HN, Kim NJ, Kang J, Jeong CM, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 15, 1 (2010)
Jeong CM, Park GW, Choi JDR, Kang JW, Kim SM, Lee WH, Woo SI, Chang HN, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy., 36, 7505 (2011)
Kim BJ, Chang HN, Oh DJ, Biotechnol. Prog., 23(5), 1186 (2007)
Kim BJ, Oh DJ, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Prog., 24(1), 166 (2008)
Lee YL, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 36, 330 (1990)
Kang BC, Lee SY, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 42, 1107 (1993)
Han SJ, Chang HN, Chang YK, Rhim SL, J. Microbiol.Bioeng., 6, 451 (1996)
Wong HH, Kim YC, Lee SY, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 60(3), 271 (1998)
Kim NJ, Choi JH, Kim YC, Lee J, Lee SY, Chang HN, Lee PC, J. Biotechnol., 151, 102 (2011)
Kim BS, Lee SC, Lee SY, Chang HN, Chang YK, Woo SI, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 43(9), 892 (1994)
Lee SY, Lee KM, Chang HN, Steinbuchel A, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44(11), 1337 (1994)
Hahn SK, Chang YK, Kim BS, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44(2), 256 (1994)
Ryu HW, Hahn SK, Chang YK, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 55(1), 28 (1997)
Shang LA, Jiang M, Ryu CH, Chang HN, Cho SH, Lee JW, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 83(3), 312 (2003)
Lee IY, Kim MK, Chang HN, Park YH, Fems. Microbiol.Lett., 131, 35 (1995)
Yim KS, Lee SY, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 49(5), 495 (1996)
Li YH, Zhao ZB, Bai FW, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 41(3), 312 (2007)
Park GW, Kim CR, Seo C, Fei Q, Jung K, Chang HN, “Theoretical prediction of biodiesel cost and yield from various feedstock sources,” AFOB Symposium 2012, Feb 9-11, 2012, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Vanthoff JH, J. Membr. Sci., 100(1), 39 (1995)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_osmosis.
Loeb S, J. Membr. Sci., 1, 49 (1976)
Loeb S, Norman RS, Science., 189, 654 (1975)
Lee KL, Baker RW, Lonsdale HK, J. Membr. Sci., 8, 141 (1982)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-retarded_osmosis.
McCutcheon JR, McGinnis RL, Elimelech M, Desalination, 174(1), 1 (2005)
McCutcheon JR, McGinnis RL, Elimelech M, J. Membr. Sci., 278(1-2), 114 (2006)
McGinnis RL, Elimelech M, Desalination, 207(1-3), 370 (2007)
Chun JH, Kong WJ, Jung K, Chang HN, AFOB-regional symposium 2012, Feb 9-11, 2012, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_electrodialysis.
Veerman J, Saakes M, Metz SJ, Harmsen GJ, J. Membr. Sci., 327(1-2), 136 (2009)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption_chromatography.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_distillation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervaporation.
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/07/cathay-20110725.html.
http://www.cheresources.com/content/articles/separation-technology/pervaporation-an-overiew.
Yoshikawa M, Ogata N, Shimidzu T, J. Membr. Sci., 26, 107 (1986)
Lee KH, Kim HK, Rhim JW, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 58(10), 1707 (1995)
Mochizuki A, Sato Y, Ogawara H, Yamashita S, J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 37, 3357 (1989)
Mochizuki A, Amiya S, Sato Y, Ogawara H, Yamashita S, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 37, 3385 (1989)
Jegal JG, Lee KH, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 61(2), 389 (1996)
Song KM, Hong WH, J. Membr. Sci., 123(1), 27 (1997)
Yu J, Lee CH, Hong WH, Chem. Eng. Process., 41(8), 693 (2002)
Ping Z, Nguyen QT, Essamri A, Neel J, Polym. Adv. Technol., 5, 320 (1993)
Lee CH, Hong WH, J. Membr. Sci., 135(2), 187 (1997)
Lee CH, Hong WH, J. Membr. Sci., 188(1), 79 (2001)
Lee EG, Kang SH, Kim HH, Chang YK, Biotechnol.Bioproc. E., 11, 313 (2006)
Jun YS, Huh YS, Park HS, Thomas A, Jeon SJ, Lee EZ, Won HJ, Hong WH, Lee SY, Hong YK, J. Phys. Chem.C., 111, 13076 (2007)
Kang SH, Chang YK, J. Membr. Sci., 246(1), 49 (2005)
Han DH, Hong WH, Sep. Sci. Technol., 31(8), 1123 (1996)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Bioprocess Eng., 22, 281 (2000)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Bioprocess Eng., 23, 535 (2000)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 21(2), 488 (2004)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Bioprocess Eng., 22, 477 (2000)
Jun YS, Huh YS, Hong WH, Hong YK, Biotechnol. Prog., 21(6), 1673 (2005)
Jun YS, Lee EZ, Huh YS, Hong YK, Hong WH, Lee SY, Biochem. Eng. J., 36, 8 (2007)
Huh YS, Hong YK, Hong WH, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Lett., 26(20), 1581 (2004)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Sep. Purif. Technol., 42(2), 151 (2005)
Han DH, Hong WH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 15(3), 324 (1998)
Huh YS, Jun YS, Hong YS, Song YK, Lee SY, Hong WH, Proc. Biochem., 41, 1461 (2006)
http://www.mapsofworld.com/lat_long/south-korea-lat-long.html.
http://www.keei.re.kr/keei/download/YES2011.pdf.
Chang HN, Chang ST, Jung HM, Kang JW, Jeong CM, KR Patent, 10-0946368 (2010)
Chang HN, Jung K, Choi JDR, Kim WH, Kong WJ, J.KORRA., 19, 47 (2011)
Jeon HJ, Lee BO, Kang KW, Jeong JS, Chung BW, Choi GW, KSBB Journal., 26, 417 (2011)
Yu MJ, Jo YB, Kim SG, Lim YK, Jeon JK, Park SH, Kim SS, Park YK, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 28(12), 2287 (2011)
Han M, Kim Y, Kim Y, Chung B, Choi GW, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 28(1), 119 (2011)
Seo SW, Kim SC, Jung GY, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 17, 1 (2012)
Kim EJ, Song YS, Choi HS, Yoo HY, Kang SW, Song KH, Han SO, Kim SW, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 17, 55 (2012)
Pena L, Ikenberry M, Ware B, Hohn KL, Boyle D, Sun XS, Wang D, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 1214 (2011)
Hwang HJ, Lee SY, Kim SM, Lee SB, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 1231 (2011)
Bao Y, Liu M, Wu X, Cong W, Ning ZX, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 17, 93 (2012)
Kim HS, Lee CG, Lee EY, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 843 (2011)
Chen HZ, He Q, Liu L, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 867 (2011)
Yang MC, Kim DS, Ma JY, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 17, 84 (2012)
Mander P, Cho SS, Simkhada JR, Choi YH, Park DJ, Ham JW, Yoo JC, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 17, 65 (2012)
Wang L, Wu ZQ, Qi HS, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 1240 (2012)
Cuetos MJ, Fernandez C, Gomez X, Moran A, Biotechnol.Bioproc. E., 16, 1044 (2011)
http://www.keei.re.kr/keei/download/KIP0101.pdf.
Chang HN, “Volatile fatty acid platform for biofuel-biorefinery,” Industrial Biotechnology, BioEco-2011. Tianjin, China 17/06/2011 (2011)
Bae JW, Economic and environmental assessment of biodiesel in Korea, Keei sushi-research report 09-01 (2009)
Chang HN, Kim MI, Fei Q, Choi JDR, Shang L, Kim N, Kim JA, Park HG, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 15, 905 (2010)
http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/12/earths-clock-of.html.
http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/htmlversion/archean3.html.
http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/cm/v3/n3/primitive-atmosphere.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/mypp_april_2011.pdf.
Sierra R, Smith A, Granada C, Holtzapple MT, Chem. Eng.Prog., 104, S10 (2008)
Chang HN, Kim NJ, Kang J, Jeong CM, Choi JKR, Fei Q, Kim BJ, Kwon S, Lee SY, Kim J, Bioproc. Biosyst. Eng., 34, 419 (2011)
Chang HN, Choi JDR, Lee SY, Lee JW, Park S, Kim W, Kim TW, Jung K, Park GW, Kong W, Im SG, KR Patent, 10-2011-0108815 (pending).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil.
Kamm B, Gruber PR, Kamm M, Biorefineries - Industrial Processes and Products, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim (2006)
Chang HN, Kim NJ, Kang J, Choi JDR, Park GW, Kong WJ, J. KORRA., 18, 32 (2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country.
Ricklefs RE, Miller GL, Ecology, Macmillan, New York (1999)
Park C, The environment: principles and applications, Routledge, London (2001)
http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/files/news_pub_2008_energyoutlook.pdf.
http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Files/news_pub_eo2012.pdf.
http://www.eco-action.org/dt/oilfut.html.
http://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/oecdbiofuels.pdf.
http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/hydro/hydrogen.html.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel.
http://www.emerging-markets.com/PDF/Biodiesel2020Study.pdf.
http://www.cifor.org/bioenergy/_ref/research/output/published-document.htm.
Park MS, personal communication, Los Alamos Lab, March 7 (2012)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acid.
Yang TH, Kim TW, Kang HO, Lee SH, Lee EJ, Lim SC, Oh SO, Song AJ, Park SJ, Lee SY, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 105(1), 150 (2010)
Jung YK, Kim TY, Park SJ, Lee SY, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 105(1), 161 (2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxybutyrate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoates.
http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=202545927.
Chen GQ Ed., Microbiology Monographs, A. Steinbuchel Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3-Propanediol.
http://www.chem.uu.nl/brew/BREWsymposiumWiesbaden11mei 2005/WEBSITEBrewPresentations51105.PDF.
Biebl H, Menzel K, Zeng AP, Deckwer WD, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 52(3), 289 (1999)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioseparation_of_1,3-propanediol.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorona.
http://www.nrel.gov/.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_ process.
Leckel D, Energy Fuels, 23, 2342 (2009)
http://www.biofuelstp.eu/algae.html.
Chisti Y, Biotechnol. Adv., 25, 294 (2007)
Fei Q, Chang HN, Shang L, Choi JDR, Kim NJ, Kang J, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 2695 (2011)
Fei Q, Chang HN, Shang L, Choi JDR, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 16, 482 (2011)
Li Q, Du W, Liu DH, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 80(5), 749 (2008)
Shi S, Valle-Rodriguez JO, Siewers V, Nielsen J, Biotechnol.J., 6, 277 (2011)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxymethylfurfural.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furfural.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanol.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid.
Lee PC, Lee SY, Hong SH, Chang HN, Park SC, Biotechnol. Lett., 25(2), 111 (2003)
Lee PC, Lee WG, Kwon S, Lee SY, Chang HN, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54(1), 23 (2000)
Lee PC, Lee WG, Lee SY, Chang HN, Process Biochem., 35(1), 49 (1999)
Lee PC, Lee WG, Hong SH, Chang HN, Bioproc. Biosyst.Eng., 26, 63 (2003)
Kim DY, Yim SC, Lee PC, Lee WG, Lee SY, Chang HN, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 35(6-7), 648 (2004)
Kim MI, Kim NJ, Shang L, Chang YK, Lee SY, Chang HN, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 19, 1369 (2009)
Yoo IK, Chang HN, Lee EG, Chang YK, Moon SH, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 84(2), 172 (1997)
Yoo IK, Seong GH, Chang HN, Park JK, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19(6), 428 (1996)
Kwon S, Yoo IK, Lee WG, Chang HN, Chang YK, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 73(1), 25 (2001)
Woo SI, Kim BO, Jun HS, Chang HN, Polym. Bull., 35(4), 415 (1995)
Choi EJ, Park JK, Chang HN, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 32(15), 2481 (1994)
Lee YH, Lee CW, Chang HN, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 30, 141 (1989)
Chung BH, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 32, 205 (1988)
Krivoruchko A, Siewers V, Nielsen J, Biotechnol. J., 6, 262 (2011)
Shuler and F. Kargi, Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2001)
Chang HN, Yoo IK, Kim BS, Biotechnol. Adv., 12, 467 (1994)
Lee CW, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 29, 1105 (1987)
Chang HN, Lee WG, Kim BS, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 41, 677 (1993)
Chang HN, Yang JW, Park YS, Kim DJ, Han KC, J.Biotechnol., 24, 329 (1992)
Lee WG, Park BG, Chang YK, Chang HN, Lee JS, Park SC, Biotechnol. Prog., 16(2), 302 (2000)
Lee WG, Lee YS, Chang YS, Chang HN, Chang YK, Biotechnol. Technol., 8, 817 (1994)
Oh DJ, Choi SK, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44(8), 895 (1994)
Lee JC, Chang HN, Oh DJ, Biotechnol. Prog., 21(1), 134 (2005)
Lee JC, Kim DY, Oh DJ, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 13, 560 (2008)
Lee JC, Kim DY, Oh DJ, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 13, 401 (2008)
Chang HN, Kim BJ, Kang JW, Jeong CM, Kim NJ, Park JK, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 13, 123 (2008)
Chang HN, Jeong CM, Kang JW, Choi JDR, Park YS, Ku JK, J. KORRA., 19, 55 (2011)
Kim IH, Kang IS, Chang HN, Desalination., 33, 139 (1980)
Furusak S, Kojima T, Miyauchi T, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 10, 233 (1977)
Kim IH, Chang HN, AIChE J., 29, 645 (1983)
Kang IS, Chang HN, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 25, 1167 (1982)
Kim DH, Kim IH, Chang HN, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 26, 1007 (1983)
Park JK, Chang HN, AIChE J., 32, 1937 (1986)
Goosen MFA, O’Shea GM, Sun AM, US Patent, 4,673,566 (1987)
Chang HN, Seong GH, Yoo IK, Park JK, Seo JH, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 51(2), 157 (1996)
Seong GH, Han SJ, Chang HN, Lee J, Biotechnol. Lett., 19(9), 881 (1997)
Park JK, Jin YB, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 63(1), 116 (1999)
Park JK, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Adv., 18, 303 (2000)
Seo KS, Choo KH, Chang HN, Park JK, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 83(2), 217 (2009)
Yoo IK, Seong GH, Chang HN, Park JK, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19(6), 428 (1996)
Chang HN, Moo-young M, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 29, 107 (1988)
Tengerdy RP, Johnson JE, Hollo J, Toth J, Appl. Biochem.Biotechnol., 6, 3 (1981)
Lee WG, Lee JS, Shin CS, Park SC, Chang HN, Chang YK, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 78, 547 (1999)
Li H, Kim NJ, Jiang M, Kang JW, Chang HN, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 3245 (2009)
Kim NJ, Li H, Jung K, Chang HN, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 7466 (2011)
Lim SJ, Kim BJ, Jeong CM, Choi JDR, Ann YH, Chang HN, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 7866 (2008)
Lim SJ, Kim EY, Ahn YH, Chang HN, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 25(1), 129 (2008)
Lim SJ, Ahn YH, Kim EY, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 11, 538 (2006)
Choi JDR, Chang HN, Han JI, Biotechnol. Lett., 33(4), 705 (2011)
Jeong CM, Choi JDR, Ahn Y, Chang HN, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 25(3), 535 (2008)
Chang HN, Kim NJ, Kang J, Jeong CM, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 15, 1 (2010)
Jeong CM, Park GW, Choi JDR, Kang JW, Kim SM, Lee WH, Woo SI, Chang HN, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy., 36, 7505 (2011)
Kim BJ, Chang HN, Oh DJ, Biotechnol. Prog., 23(5), 1186 (2007)
Kim BJ, Oh DJ, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Prog., 24(1), 166 (2008)
Lee YL, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 36, 330 (1990)
Kang BC, Lee SY, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 42, 1107 (1993)
Han SJ, Chang HN, Chang YK, Rhim SL, J. Microbiol.Bioeng., 6, 451 (1996)
Wong HH, Kim YC, Lee SY, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 60(3), 271 (1998)
Kim NJ, Choi JH, Kim YC, Lee J, Lee SY, Chang HN, Lee PC, J. Biotechnol., 151, 102 (2011)
Kim BS, Lee SC, Lee SY, Chang HN, Chang YK, Woo SI, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 43(9), 892 (1994)
Lee SY, Lee KM, Chang HN, Steinbuchel A, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44(11), 1337 (1994)
Hahn SK, Chang YK, Kim BS, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44(2), 256 (1994)
Ryu HW, Hahn SK, Chang YK, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 55(1), 28 (1997)
Shang LA, Jiang M, Ryu CH, Chang HN, Cho SH, Lee JW, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 83(3), 312 (2003)
Lee IY, Kim MK, Chang HN, Park YH, Fems. Microbiol.Lett., 131, 35 (1995)
Yim KS, Lee SY, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 49(5), 495 (1996)
Li YH, Zhao ZB, Bai FW, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 41(3), 312 (2007)
Park GW, Kim CR, Seo C, Fei Q, Jung K, Chang HN, “Theoretical prediction of biodiesel cost and yield from various feedstock sources,” AFOB Symposium 2012, Feb 9-11, 2012, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Vanthoff JH, J. Membr. Sci., 100(1), 39 (1995)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_osmosis.
Loeb S, J. Membr. Sci., 1, 49 (1976)
Loeb S, Norman RS, Science., 189, 654 (1975)
Lee KL, Baker RW, Lonsdale HK, J. Membr. Sci., 8, 141 (1982)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-retarded_osmosis.
McCutcheon JR, McGinnis RL, Elimelech M, Desalination, 174(1), 1 (2005)
McCutcheon JR, McGinnis RL, Elimelech M, J. Membr. Sci., 278(1-2), 114 (2006)
McGinnis RL, Elimelech M, Desalination, 207(1-3), 370 (2007)
Chun JH, Kong WJ, Jung K, Chang HN, AFOB-regional symposium 2012, Feb 9-11, 2012, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_electrodialysis.
Veerman J, Saakes M, Metz SJ, Harmsen GJ, J. Membr. Sci., 327(1-2), 136 (2009)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption_chromatography.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_distillation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervaporation.
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/07/cathay-20110725.html.
http://www.cheresources.com/content/articles/separation-technology/pervaporation-an-overiew.
Yoshikawa M, Ogata N, Shimidzu T, J. Membr. Sci., 26, 107 (1986)
Lee KH, Kim HK, Rhim JW, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 58(10), 1707 (1995)
Mochizuki A, Sato Y, Ogawara H, Yamashita S, J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 37, 3357 (1989)
Mochizuki A, Amiya S, Sato Y, Ogawara H, Yamashita S, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 37, 3385 (1989)
Jegal JG, Lee KH, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 61(2), 389 (1996)
Song KM, Hong WH, J. Membr. Sci., 123(1), 27 (1997)
Yu J, Lee CH, Hong WH, Chem. Eng. Process., 41(8), 693 (2002)
Ping Z, Nguyen QT, Essamri A, Neel J, Polym. Adv. Technol., 5, 320 (1993)
Lee CH, Hong WH, J. Membr. Sci., 135(2), 187 (1997)
Lee CH, Hong WH, J. Membr. Sci., 188(1), 79 (2001)
Lee EG, Kang SH, Kim HH, Chang YK, Biotechnol.Bioproc. E., 11, 313 (2006)
Jun YS, Huh YS, Park HS, Thomas A, Jeon SJ, Lee EZ, Won HJ, Hong WH, Lee SY, Hong YK, J. Phys. Chem.C., 111, 13076 (2007)
Kang SH, Chang YK, J. Membr. Sci., 246(1), 49 (2005)
Han DH, Hong WH, Sep. Sci. Technol., 31(8), 1123 (1996)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Bioprocess Eng., 22, 281 (2000)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Bioprocess Eng., 23, 535 (2000)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 21(2), 488 (2004)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Bioprocess Eng., 22, 477 (2000)
Jun YS, Huh YS, Hong WH, Hong YK, Biotechnol. Prog., 21(6), 1673 (2005)
Jun YS, Lee EZ, Huh YS, Hong YK, Hong WH, Lee SY, Biochem. Eng. J., 36, 8 (2007)
Huh YS, Hong YK, Hong WH, Chang HN, Biotechnol. Lett., 26(20), 1581 (2004)
Hong YK, Hong WH, Sep. Purif. Technol., 42(2), 151 (2005)
Han DH, Hong WH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 15(3), 324 (1998)
Huh YS, Jun YS, Hong YS, Song YK, Lee SY, Hong WH, Proc. Biochem., 41, 1461 (2006)
http://www.mapsofworld.com/lat_long/south-korea-lat-long.html.
http://www.keei.re.kr/keei/download/YES2011.pdf.
Chang HN, Chang ST, Jung HM, Kang JW, Jeong CM, KR Patent, 10-0946368 (2010)
Chang HN, Jung K, Choi JDR, Kim WH, Kong WJ, J.KORRA., 19, 47 (2011)
Jeon HJ, Lee BO, Kang KW, Jeong JS, Chung BW, Choi GW, KSBB Journal., 26, 417 (2011)
Yu MJ, Jo YB, Kim SG, Lim YK, Jeon JK, Park SH, Kim SS, Park YK, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 28(12), 2287 (2011)
Han M, Kim Y, Kim Y, Chung B, Choi GW, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 28(1), 119 (2011)
Seo SW, Kim SC, Jung GY, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 17, 1 (2012)
Kim EJ, Song YS, Choi HS, Yoo HY, Kang SW, Song KH, Han SO, Kim SW, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 17, 55 (2012)
Pena L, Ikenberry M, Ware B, Hohn KL, Boyle D, Sun XS, Wang D, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 1214 (2011)
Hwang HJ, Lee SY, Kim SM, Lee SB, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 1231 (2011)
Bao Y, Liu M, Wu X, Cong W, Ning ZX, Biotechnol. Bioproc.E., 17, 93 (2012)
Kim HS, Lee CG, Lee EY, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 843 (2011)
Chen HZ, He Q, Liu L, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 867 (2011)
Yang MC, Kim DS, Ma JY, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 17, 84 (2012)
Mander P, Cho SS, Simkhada JR, Choi YH, Park DJ, Ham JW, Yoo JC, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 17, 65 (2012)
Wang L, Wu ZQ, Qi HS, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 16, 1240 (2012)
Cuetos MJ, Fernandez C, Gomez X, Moran A, Biotechnol.Bioproc. E., 16, 1044 (2011)
http://www.keei.re.kr/keei/download/KIP0101.pdf.
Chang HN, “Volatile fatty acid platform for biofuel-biorefinery,” Industrial Biotechnology, BioEco-2011. Tianjin, China 17/06/2011 (2011)
Bae JW, Economic and environmental assessment of biodiesel in Korea, Keei sushi-research report 09-01 (2009)
Chang HN, Kim MI, Fei Q, Choi JDR, Shang L, Kim N, Kim JA, Park HG, Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 15, 905 (2010)
