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Received January 12, 2011
Accepted December 15, 2011
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Investigating the processes of contaminant removal in Fe0/H2O systems
1Angewandte Geologie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraβe 3, D - 37077 Göttingen, Germany 2Kultur und Nachhaltige Entwicklung CDD e.V., Postfach 1502, D - 37005 Göttingen, Germany
cnoubac@gwdg.de
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, August 2012, 29(8), 1050-1056(7), 10.1007/s11814-011-0298-8
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Abstract
The instability of the premise of direct quantitative contaminant reduction by elemental iron (Fe0) materials in Fe0/H2O systems is pointed out. Basic knowledge of aqueous iron corrosion shows that the Fe0 surface is not available for decontamination in nature. A comparison of the reactivity of Fe0 and Zn0 shows that the effectiveness of Fe0 materials for environmental remediation is due to the formation of a non-adhesive, porous oxide scale on Fe0. Contaminants are enmeshed within the scale and possibly reduced by FeII and H/H2. An evaluation of current experimental conditions shows that well-mixed batch systems have disturbed the process of scale formation. Therefore, the majority of published works have operatively created conditions for contaminant reduction that are not likely to occur in nature. Since working under such unrealistic conditions has mediated the above-mentioned premise, interactions in Fe0/H2O systems yielding contaminant removal should be revisited.
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Eary LE, Rai D, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55, 676 (1991)
Gillham RW, O’Hannesin SF, Ground Water., 32, 958 (1994)
Matheson LJ, Tratnyek PG, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 2045 (1994)
Blowes DW, Ptacek CJ, Jambor JL, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3348 (1997)
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Campbell JA, Allgemeine Chemie, VCH Weinheim (1990)
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Wilson ER, Ind. Eng. Chem., 15, 127 (1923)
Schmuki P, J. Solid State Electrochem., 6, 145 (2002)
Bohnsack G, Chlorid und die Korrosion von Eisen und Stahl in naturlichen Wasser, 1989 (Vulkan, Essen).
Brown GE, Henrich VE, Casey WH, Clark DL, Eggleston C, Felmy A, Goodman DW, Gratzel M, Maciel G, McCarthy MI, Nealson KH, Sverjensky DA, Toney MF, Zachara JM, Chem. Rev., 99(1), 77 (1999)
Hendy SC, Laycock NJ, Ryan MP, J. Electrochem. Soc., B152, 271 (2005)
Scherer MM, Balko BA, Tratnyek PG, The role of oxides in reduction reactions at the metal-water interface. In Kinetics and mechanism of reactions at the mineral/water interface (Eds Sparks D, Grundl T) American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 301-322 (1999)
Toney MF, Davenport AJ, Davenport LJ, Ryan MP, Vitus CM, Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, 4282 (1997)
Odziemkowski MS, Simpraga RP, Can. J. Chem. Rev. Can. Chim., 82, 1495 (2004)
Weber EJ, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 716 (1996)
Gaspar DJ, Lea AS, Engelhard MH, Baer DR, Miehr R, Tratnyek PG, Langmuir, 18(20), 7688 (2002)
Gerasimov Y, Dreving V, Eremin E, Kiselev A, Lebedev V, Panchenkov G, Shlygin A, Physical Chemistry, MIR Moscow (1985)
White AF, Paterson ML, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 60, 3799 (1996)
Naka D, Kim D, Strathmann TJ, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3006 (2006)
Mishra D, Farrell J, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 645 (2005)
Stratmann M, Muller J, Corros. Sci., 36, 327 (1994)
Noubactep C, Environ. Technol., 29, 909 (2008)
Anderson PR, Benjamin MM, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 1048 (1985)
Lavine BK, Auslander G, Ritter J, Microchem. J., 70, 69 (2001)
Schreier CG, Reinhard M, Chemosphere., 29, 1743 (1994)
Blowes DW, Ptacek CJ, Benner SG, Mcrae Che WT, Bennett TA, Puls RW, J. Contam. Hydrol., 45, 123 (2000)
Tratnyek PG, Scherer MM, Johnson TH, Matheson LJ, Permeable reactive barriers of iron and other zero-valent metals. In Chemical Degradation Methods for Wastes and Pollutants: Environmental and Industrial Applications (Ed M.A. Tarr), 371-421, Marcel Dekker: New York (2003)
Warner SD, Sorel D, Ten years of permeable reactive barriers: lessons learned and future expectations. In Chlorinated Solvent and DNAPL Remediation: Innovative Strategies for Subsurface Cleanup (Eds S.M. Henry, S.D., Warner), 36-50, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, ACS Symp., Ser. 837 (2003)
Wang L, Li P, Wu Z, Yan J, Wang M, Ding Y, Synthesis., 13, 2001 (2003)
Franck EU, J. Chem. Thermodynamics., 19, 225 (1987)
Agrawal A, Tratnyek PG, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 153 (1996)
Scherer MM, Johnson K, Westall JC, Tratnyek PG, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2804 (2001)
Bechamp AJ, Ann. Chim. Phys., 42(3), 186 (1854)
Swaminathan K, Anantharaman PN, Subramanian GS, Udupa HVK, J. Appl. Electrochem., 2, 169 (1972)
Mercer AD, Lumbard EA, Brit. Corr. J., 30, 43 (1995)
Noubactep C, Meinrath G, Dietrich P, Sauter M, Merkel B, Environ. Chem., 2, 71 (2005)
Choe S, Chang YY, Hwang KY, Khim J, Chemosphere., 41, 1307 (2000)
Song H, Carraway ER, Environ. Eng. Sci., 23, 272 (2006)
Vidic RD, Suidan MT, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 1612 (1991)
Noubactep C, Schoner A, Meinrath G, J. Hazard. Mater., B132, 202 (2006)
Qiu SR, Lai HF, Roberson MJ, Hunt ML, Amrhein C, Giancarlo LC, Flynn GW, Yarmoff JA, Langmuir, 16(5), 2230 (2000)
Noubactep C, Water SA., 36, 663 (2010)
Jeen SW, Gilham RW, Przepiora A, J. Contam. Hydrol., 123, 50 (2011)
Noubactep C, Environ. Progr. Sust. En., 29, 286 (2010)
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Noubactep C, Water SA., 37, 419 (2011)
Noubactep C, Fres. Environ. Bull., 20, 2632 (2011)
Powell MR, Puls WR, Hightower KS, Sebatini AD, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1913 (1995)
Noubactep C, Care S, J. Hazard. Mater., 189(3), 809 (2011)
Noubactep C, Care S, Crane RA, Water Air Soil Pollut., DOI:10.1007/s11270-011-0951-1 (2011)
Gu B, Liang L, Dickey MJ, Yin X, Dai S, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3366 (1998)
Bottero JY, Manceau A, Villieras F, Tchoubar D, Langmuir, 10(1), 316 (1994)
Crawford RJ, Harding IH, Mainwaring DE, Langmuir., 9, 3057 (1993)
Bojic A, Purenovic M, Bojic D, Water SA., 30, 353 (2004)
Bojic AL, Bojic D, Andjelkovic T, Water SA., 33, 297 (2007)
Bojic AL, Bojic D, Andjelkovic T, J. Hazard. Mater., 168(2-3), 813 (2009)
Noubactep C, Schoner A, J. Hazard. Mater., 175(1-3), 1075 (2010)
Noubactep C, Schoner A, Sauter M, Significance of oxide-film in discussing the mechanism of contaminant removal by elemental iron materials. In “Photo-Electrochemistry & Photo-Biology for the Sustainablity”; Kaneco S, Viswanathan B, Katsumata H (Eds.), Bentham Science Publishers, 1, 89-110 (2011)
Cornell RM, Schwertmann U, The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses, John Wiley & Sons Inc. (2003)
Schwertmann U, Nature., 212, 645 (1966)
You Y, Han J, Chiu PC, Jin Y, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 9263 (2005)
Lackovic JA, Nikolaidis NP, Dobbs GM, Environ. Eng.Sci., 17, 29 (2000)
Morrison SJ, Metzler DR, Dwyer BP, J. Contam. Hydrol., 56, 99 (2002)
Sikora E, Macdonald DD, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147(11), 4087 (2000)
Lee G, Rho S, Jahng D, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 21(3), 621 (2004)
Gillham RW, Development of the granular iron permeable reactive barrier technology (good science or good fortune). In “Advances in environmental geotechnics: proceedings of the International Symposium on Geoenvironmental Engineering in Hangzhou, China, September 8-10, 2009”; Chen Y, Tang X, Zhan L (Eds); Springer Berlin/London, 5-15 (2010)
Noubactep C, Fresen. Environ. Bull., 19, 1661 (2010)
Noubactep C, Care S, Chem. Eng. J., 163(3), 454 (2010)
Noubactep C, Chem. Eng. J., 165(2), 740 (2010)
Antia DDJ, Sustainability., 2, 2988 (2010)
Giles DE, Mohapatra M, Issa TB, Anand S, Singh P, J.Environ. Manage., 92, 3011 (2011)
