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Received October 7, 2013
Accepted January 18, 2014
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
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Preparation and investigation of the physical and chemical properties of clay-based polyacrylamide/Cr (III) hydrogels as a water shut-off agent in oil reservoirs
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, P. O. Box 6718997551, Kermanshah, Iran 1Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, P. O. Box 14155-143, Tehran, Iran 2Polymer Science and Technology Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P. O. Box 14665-137, Tehran, Iran 3School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, P. O. Box 35195-363, Semnan, Iran
vafaiesm@modares.ac.ir
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, June 2014, 31(6), 986-993(8), 10.1007/s11814-014-0023-5
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Abstract
The effects of clay (montmorillonite and kaolinite) in the hydrogels were investigated on various properties such as syneresis and strength of thermal and salinity situations in one of the southern Iranian oil reservoirs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns exhibited a significant increase in interplanar spacing between the montmorillonite clay layers, varying from the initial value of 12.43 oA to 19.45 oA, which evidences the intercalation formation. It was revealed that even increasing of the interlayer spacing due to kaolinite modification had no effect on the clay compositions. Formation water was used to study the strength of the hydrogel in the presence of ions. The results indicated that 15 wt% increase of kaolinite clay (modified and non-modified) leads to 20% decrease of the hydrogels’ syneresis. The diffusion of polymer chains between the clay layers increased the elastic modulus (G') of the prepared hydrogels with modified kaolinite and montmorillonite, where the maximum value of G' was observed in 3 wt% of montmorillonite. Finally, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated an increase in the thermal stability of the mentioned hydrogels.
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References
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Haraguchi K, Li HJ, Matsuda K, Takehisa T, Elliott E, Macromolecules, 38(8), 3482 (2005)
Nasr-El-Din HA, Taylor KC, J. Pet. Sci. Eng., 48, 141 (2005)
Xia XH, Yih J, D'Souza NA, Hu ZB, Polymer, 44(11), 3389 (2003)
Starodoubtsev SG, Churochkina NA, Khokhlov AR, Langmuir, 16(4), 1529 (2000)
Nie JJ, Du BY, Oppermann W, Macromolecules, 38(13), 5729 (2005)
Lee WF, Lee SC, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 100(1), 500 (2006)
Theng BKG, Formation and properties of clay-polymer complexes, 2rd Elsevier Science (2012)
Ogata N, Kawakage S, Ogihara T, Polymer, 38(20), 5115 (1997)
Dawe RA, Zhang Y, J. Pet. Sci. Eng., 12(2), 113 (1994)
Gao D, Heimann RB, Poly. Gels. Netw., 1, 225 (1993)
Churochkina NA, Starodoubtsev SG, Khokhlov AR, Poly. Gels. Netw., 6(3-4), 205 (1998)
Aalaie J, Rahmatpour A, J. Macromol. Sci. Phy., 47(1), 98 (2008)
Aalaie J, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Rahmatpour A, Semsarzadeh MA, Eur. Polym. J., 44(7), 2024 (2008)
Kabiri K, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 289(7), 653 (2004)
Nasser MS, James AE, Colloids Surf., A, 301(1), 311 (2007)
Sirousazar M, Kokabi M, Hassan ZM, Bahramian AR, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 125(1), 122 (2012)
Gardolinski JE, Ramos LP, Souza G, Wypych YF, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 221(2), 284 (2000)
Zolfaghari R, Katbab AA, Nabavizadeh J, Tabasi RY, Nejad MH, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 100(3), 2096 (2006)
Moore DM, Reynolds RC, X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals, Oxford University Press, New York (1997)
Santiago F, Mucientes AE, Osorio M, Rivera C, Eur. Polym. J., 43(1), 1 (2007)
Essawy HA, Colloid. Polym. Sci., 286(6-7), 795 (2008)
Baojun B, Liangxiong L, Yuzhang L, Zhongguo W, He L, In: Proceedings of SPE/DOE Symposium of Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, April 17-21, 89389 (2004)
White RE, Principles and practice of soil science: The soil as a natural resource, Wiley-Blackwell (2005)
Shi H, Lan T, Pinnavaia TJ, Chem. Mater., 8(8), 1584 (1996)
Kojima Y, Usuki A, Kawasumi M, Okada A, Fukushima Y, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito O, J. Mater. Res., 8(5), 1185 (1993)
