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Received September 21, 2013
Accepted April 17, 2014
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Effect of crosslinker feed content on catalaytic activity of silver nanoparticles fabricated in multiresponsive microgels
Zahoor Hussain Farooqi†
Shanza Rauf Khan
Tajamal Hussain
Robina Begum1
Kiran Ejaz
Shumaila Majeed
Muhammad Ajmal2
Farah Kanwal
Mohammad Siddiq2
Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus Lahore 54590, Pakistan 1Centre for Undergraduate Studies, University of the Punjab, New Campus Lahore 54590, Pakistan 2Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
zhfarooqi@gmail.com
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, September 2014, 31(9), 1674-1680(7), 10.1007/s11814-014-0117-0
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Abstract
We investigated the effect of crosslinking density of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microgels on catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles fabricated hybrid microgels. Multiresponsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microgels with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mole percentage of N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. These microgels were characterized by dynamic light scattering and were used as microreactors to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Hybrid system was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The_x000D_
catalytic activity of hybrid microgels with different crosslinker content was compared by studying the reduction of pnitrophenol as a model reaction. Kinetics of reaction was monitored by spectrophotometry. The value of the apparent rate constant decreases from 0.568 to 0.313 min^(-1), when content of crosslinker are increased from 2 to 8 mole percentage respectively. This decreases in value of apparent rate constant is due to increase in diffusional barrier offered by_x000D_
high crosslinking of polymer network at high mole percentages of N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide.
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Lizmarzan LM, Giersig M, Mulvaney P, Langmuir, 12(18), 4329 (1996)
Kozlovskaya V, Kharlampieva E, Khanal BP, Manna P, Zubarev ER, Tsukruk VV, Chem. Mater., 20, 7474 (2008)
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Wunder S, Polzer F, Lu Y, Mei Y, Ballauff M, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 8814 (2010)
Ghosh SK, Mandal M, Kundu S, Nath S, Pal T, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 268(1-2), 61 (2004)
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Vadakkekara R, Chakraborty M, Parikh PA, Colloids Surf., A, 399, 11 (2012)
Ionov L, Sapra S, Synytska A, Rogach AL, Stamm M, Diez S, Adv. Mater., 18(11), 1453 (2006)
Taton TA, Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL, Science, 289, 1757 (2000)
Tokareva I, Minko S, Fendler JH, Hutter E, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126(49), 15950 (2004)
Jones CD, Lyon LA, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(2), 460 (2003)
Zhang W, Lei X, Wang Z, Zheng D, Tam W, Chan C, Sheng P, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 2853 (2000)
Graf C, van Blaaderen A, Langmuir, 18(2), 524 (2002)
Liang ZJ, Susha AS, Caruso F, Adv. Mater., 14(16), 1160 (2002)
Cao YC, Jin R, Mirkin CA, Science, 297, 1536 (2002)
Nie SM, Emery SR, Science, 275(5303), 1102 (1997)
Ko H, Singamaneni S, Tsukruk VV, Small, 4, 1576 (2008)
Ho CH, Tobis J, Sprich C, Thomann R, Tiller JC, Adv. Mater., 16(12), 957 (2004)
Daniel MC, Astruc D, Chem. Rev., 104(1), 293 (2004)
Grouchko M, Kamyshny A, Mihailescu CF, Anghel DF, Magdassi S, ACS Nano, 5, 3354 (2011)
Polavarapu L, Manga KK, Cao HD, Loh KP, Xu QH, Chem. Mater., 23, 3273 (2011)
Kumar A, Vemula PK, Ajayan PM, John G, Nat. Mater., 7(3), 236 (2008)
Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 275(1), 177 (2004)
Stevens KN, Crespo-Biel O, van der Bosch EE, ADias A, Knetsch ML, Aldenhoff YB, van der Veen FH, Maessen JG, Stobberingh EE, Koole LH, Biomaterials, 30, 3682 (2009)
Wu J, Zhao N, Zhang X, Xu J, Cellulose, 19, 1239 (2012)
Xie L, Chen M, Wu LM, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 47(19), 4919 (2009)
Khan SR, Farooqi ZH, Ajmal M, Siddiq M, Khan A, J. Disp. Sci. Technol., 34, 1324 (2013)
Shipway AN, Katz E, Willner I, Chem. Phys. Chem., 1, 18 (2000)
Burda C, Chen XB, Narayanan R, El-Sayed MA, Chem. Rev., 105(4), 1025 (2005)
Jiang ZJ, Liu CY, Sun LW, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(5), 1730 (2005)
Patel AC, Li S, Wang C, Zhang W, Wei Y, Chem. Mater., 19, 1231 (2007)
Sharghi H, Khalifeh R, Doroodmand MM, Adv. Synth. Catal., 351, 207 (2009)
Alonso F, Moglie Y, Radivoy G, Yus M, Tetrahedron Lett., 50, 2358 (2009)
Lee J, Park JC, Song H, Adv. Mater., 20(8), 1523 (2008)
Heck R, Nolley Jr J, J. Org. Chem., 37, 2320 (1972)
Miyaura N, Suzuki A, Chem. Rev., 95(7), 2457 (1995)
Wu S, Kaiser J, Guo XH, Li L, Lu Y, Ballauff M, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51(15), 5608 (2012)
Zhou P, Li Y, Sun P, Zhou J, Bao J, Chem. Commun., 1418 (2007)
Chen LF, Hu JC, Qi ZW, Fang YJ, Richards R, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50(24), 13642 (2011)
Sahiner N, Ozay H, Ozay O, Aktas N, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 101(1-2), 137 (2010)
Rashid MH, Mandal TK, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18(15), 2261 (2008)
Wu S, Dzubiella J, Kaiser J, Drechsler M, Guo X, Ballauff M, Lu Y, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 51, 2229 (2012)
Sharma G, Mei Y, Lu Y, Ballauff M, Irrgang T, Proch S, Kempe R, J. Catal., 246(1), 10 (2007)
Ghosh SK, Kundu S, Mandal M, Pal T, Langmuir, 18(23), 8756 (2002)
Herves P, Perez-Lorenzo M, Liz-Marzan LM, Dzubiella J, Lu Y, Ballauff M, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 5577 (2012)
Tu CH, Wang AQ, Zheng MY, Wang XD, Zhang T, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 297(1), 40 (2006)
Biffis A, Cunial S, Spontoni P, Prati L, J. Catal., 251(1), 1 (2007)
Biffis A, Sperotto E, Langmuir, 19(22), 9548 (2003)
Mei Y, Lu Y, Polzer F, Ballauff M, Drechsler M, Chem. Mater., 19, 1062 (2007)
Reek JN, Arevalo S, van Heerbeek R, Kamer PC, Van Leeuwen PW, Adv. Catal., 49, 71 (2006)
Gao XT, Wachs IE, Catal. Today, 51(2), 233 (1999)
Miyadera T, Appl. Catal. B, 2, 199 (1993)
Valden M, Lai X, Goodman DW, Science, 281(5383), 1647 (1998)
Pich A, Karak A, Lu Y, Ghosh AK, Adler HJP, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 27(5), 344 (2006)
Naeem H, Farooqi ZH, Shah LA, Siddiq M, J. Polym. Res., 19, 1 (2012)
Dong Y, Ma Y, Zhai TY, Shen FG, Zeng Y, Fu HB, Yao JN, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 28(24), 2339 (2007)
Suzuki D, Kawaguchi H, Langmuir, 22(8), 3818 (2006)
Bhattacharya S, Eckert F, Boyko V, Pich A, Small, 3, 650 (2007)
Liu YY, Liu XY, Yang JM, Lin DL, Chen X, Zha LS, Colloids Surf., A, 393, 105 (2012)
Pich A, Karak A, Lu Y, Ghosh AK, Adler HJP, J. Nano. Nanotechnol., 6, 3763 (2006)
Sahiner N, Ozay H, Ozay O, Aktas N, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 385(1-2), 201 (2010)
Carregal-Romero S, Buurma NJ, Perez-Juste J, Liz-Marzan LM, Herves P, Chem. Mater., 22, 3051 (2010)
Ozlem Nazli K, Pester CW, Konradi A, Boker A, van Rijn P, Chem. A Eur. J., 19, 5586 (2013)
Varga I, Gilanyi T, Meszaros R, Filipcsei G, Zrinyi M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(38), 9071 (2001)
Senff H, Richtering W, J. Chem. Phys., 111(4), 1705 (1999)
Saunders BR, Vincent B, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 80, 1 (1999)
Eichenbaum GM, Kiser PF, Dobrynin AV, Simon SA, Needham D, Macromolecules, 32(15), 4867 (1999)
Calvet D, Wong JY, Giasson S, Macromolecules, 37(20), 7762 (2004)
Wang SQ, Liu QL, Zhu AM, Eur. Polym. J., 47, 1168 (2011)
Farooqi ZH, Khan A, Siddiq M, Polym. Int., 60, 1481 (2011)
Burmistrova A, Richter M, Uzum C, Klitzing R, Colloid. Polym. Sci., 289, 613 (2011)
Ajmal M, Farooqi ZH, Siddiq M, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 30(11), 2030 (2013)
Lizmarzan LM, Giersig M, Mulvaney P, Langmuir, 12(18), 4329 (1996)
Kozlovskaya V, Kharlampieva E, Khanal BP, Manna P, Zubarev ER, Tsukruk VV, Chem. Mater., 20, 7474 (2008)
Joseph STS, Ipe BI, Pramod P, Thomas KG, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110(1), 150 (2006)
Mohan YM, Lee K, Premkumar T, Geckeler KE, Polymer, 48(1), 158 (2007)
Heath J, Phys. Rev. B, 40, 9982 (1989)
Wunder S, Polzer F, Lu Y, Mei Y, Ballauff M, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 8814 (2010)
Ghosh SK, Mandal M, Kundu S, Nath S, Pal T, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 268(1-2), 61 (2004)
Guillermo A, Addad JPC, Bazile JP, Duracher D, Elaissari A, Pichot C, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 38(6), 889 (2000)
Zhang JT, Wei G, Keller TF, Gallagher H, Stotzel C, Muller FA, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US, Jandt KD, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 295, 1049 (2010)
Antonels NC, Meijboom R, Langmuir, 29(44), 13433 (2013)
Vadakkekara R, Chakraborty M, Parikh PA, Colloids Surf., A, 399, 11 (2012)
