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Received August 20, 2014
Accepted January 29, 2015
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Catalytic cracking of inedible camelina oils to hydrocarbon fuels over bifunctional Zn/ZSM-5 catalysts
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
lin.wei@sdstate.edu
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, August 2015, 32(8), 1528-1541(14), 10.1007/s11814-015-0028-8
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Abstract
Catalytic cracking of camelina oils to hydrocarbon fuels over ZSM-5 and ZSM-5 impregnated with Zn2+(named bifunctional catalyst) was individually carried out at 500 oC using a tubular fixed-bed reactor. Fresh and used catalysts were characterized by ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nitrogen isothermal adsorption/desorption micropore analyzer. The effect of catalysts on the yield rate and qualities of products was discussed. The loading of Zn2+ to ZSM-5 provided additional acid sites and increased the ratio of Lewis acid site to Brønsted acid site. BET results revealed that the surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decreased after ZSM-5 was impregnated with zinc, while the pore size increased. When using the bifunctional catalyst, the pH value and heating value of upgraded camelina oils increased, while the oxygen content and moisture content decreased. Additionally, the yield rate of hydrocarbon fuels increased, while the density and oxygen content decreased. Because of a high content of fatty acids, the distillation residues of cracking oils might be recycled to the process to improve the hydrocarbon fuel yield rate.
Keywords
References
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Kumar N, Lindfors LE, Byggningsbacka R, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 139(1-2), 189 (1996)
Al-Khattaf S, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 231(1-2), 293 (2002)
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Jae J, Tompsett GA, Foster AJ, Hammond KD, Auerbach SM, Lobo RF, Huber GW, J. Catal., 279(2), 257 (2011)
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Noureddini H, Teoh BC, Clements LD, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, 1189 (1992)
Zhang HY, Xiao R, Huang H, Xiao G, Bioresour. Technol., 100(3), 1428 (2009)
