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Received February 5, 2016
Accepted July 2, 2016
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Activated carbon from sewage sludge for removal of sodium diclofenac and nimesulide from aqueous solutions
Glaydson Simões dos Reis1 2†
Mohammad Khalid Bin Mahbub2
Michaela Wilhelm2
Eder Claudio Lima3
Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio1
Caroline Saucier3
and Silvio Luis Pereira Dias3
1Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 2University of Bremen, Advanced Ceramics, Am Biologischen Garten 2, IW3 28359 Bremen, Germany 3Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Postal Box 15003, ZIP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, November 2016, 33(11), 3149-3161(13), 10.1007/s11814-016-0194-3
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Abstract
Sludge based activated carbons (ACs) were used to remove selected pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac (DCF) and nimesulide (NM) from aqueous solutions. The powered sewage sludge was mixed with different proportions of ZnCl2. The mixture was pyrolyzed in a conventional oven using three different temperatures under inert atmosphere. Afterwards, in order to increase the specific surface area and uptake capacity the carbonized materials were acidified with 6mol L-1 HCl under reflux at 80 ℃ for 3 hours. The characterization of ACs was achieved by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, TGA, hydrophobicity index by water, n-heptane vapor adsorption and nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves. The specific surface area (SBET) of adsorbents varied between 21.2 and 679.3m2g-1. According to the water and n-heptane analysis data all ACs had hydrophobic surface. Experimental variables such as pH, mass of adsorbent and temperature on the adsorption capacities were studied. The optimum pH, mass of adsorbent and temperature for adsorption of DCF and NM onto ACs were found to be 7.0 (DCF) and 10.0 (NM), 30mg and 25 ℃, respectively. The kinetic adsorption was investigated using general-order, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models, while the general-order model described the adsorption process most suitably. The maximum amounts of DCF and NM adsorbed were 156.7 and 66.4mg g-1 for sample 1(500-15-0.5), respectively.
Keywords
References
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Bui TX, Choi H, J. Hazard. Mater., 168(2-3), 602 (2009)
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Alvarez S, Ribeiro RS, Gomes HT, Sotelo JL, Garcia J, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 95, 229 (2015)
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Caputo G, Scognamiglio M, De Marco I, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 90(8), 1082 (2012)
Saucier C, Adebayo MA, Lima EC, Cataluna R, Thue PS, Prola LDT, Puchana-Rosero MJ, Machado FM, Pavan FA, Dotto GL, J. Hazard. Mater., 289, 18 (2015)
Gothwal R, Shashidhar T, Clean - Soil Air Water, 43, 479 (2015)
Prieto-Rodriguez L, Oller I, Klamerth N, Aguera A, Rodriguez EM, Malato S, Water Res., 47, 1521 (2013)
Bolong N, Ismail AF, Salim MR, Matsuura T, Desalination, 239(1-3), 229 (2009)
Lee HJ, Lee E, Yoon SH, Chang HR, Kim K, Kwon JH, Chemosphere, 87, 969 (2012)
Li Y, Zhu G, Ng WJ, Tan SK, Sci. Total Environ., 468-469, 908 (2014)
Han N, Taro T, Thi U, Ta T, Clean - Soil Air Water, 42, 267 (2014)
Geiger E, Hornek-Gausterer R, Sacan MT, Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 129, 189 (2016)
Feito R, Valcarcel Y, Catala M, Ecotoxicology, 21, 289 (2012)
Boonsaner M, Hawker DW, Chemosphere, 122, 176 (2015)
Sheng C, Nnann AGA, Liu Y, Vargo JD, Sci. Total Environ., 550, 1075 (2016)
Parsa JB, Panah TM, Chianeh FN, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 33(3), 893 (2016)
Gebhardt W, Schroder HF, J. Chromatogr. A, 1160, 34 (2007)
Suarez S, Lerna JM, Omil F, Bioresour. Technol., 100(7), 2138 (2009)
Jung C, Boateng LK, Flora JRV, Oh J, Braswell MC, Son A, Yoon Y, Chem. Eng. J., 264, 1 (2015)
Rad LR, Irani M, Barzegar R, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 32(8), 1606 (2015)
Sotelo JL, Ovejero G, Rodriguez A, Alvarez S, Galan J, Garcia J, Chem. Eng. J., 240, 443 (2014)
Dotto GL, Lima EC, Pinto LAA, Bioresour. Technol., 103(1), 123 (2012)
Prola LDT, Acayanka E, Lima EC, Umpierres CS, Vaghetti JCP, Santos WO, Laminsi S, Njifon PT, Ind. Crop. Prod., 46, 328 (2013)
Santos DCd, Adebayo MA, Pereira SdFP, Prola LDT, Cataluna R, Lima EC, Saucier C, Gally CR, Machado FM, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 31(8), 1470 (2014)
Sadaf S, Bhatti HN, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy., 16, 527 (2014)
dos Reis GS, Wilhelm M, Silva TCA, Rezwan K, Sampaio CH, Lima EC, Souza SMAGU, Appl. Therm. Eng., 93, 590 (2016)
Calvete T, Lima EC, Cardoso NF, Vaghetti JCP, Dias SLP, Pavan FA, J. Environ. Manage., 91, 1695 (2010)
Marsh H, Reinoso FR, Activated Carbon. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006).
Ribas MC, Adebayo MA, Prola LDT, Lima EC, Cataluna R, Feris LA, Puchana-Rosero MJ, Machado FM, Pavan FA, Calvete T, Chem. Eng. J., 248, 315 (2014)
Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 308 (1938)
Barrett EP, Joyner IG, Halend PP, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73, 373 (1951)
Leng LJ, Yuan XZ, Huang HJ, Shao JG, Wang H, Chen XH, Zeng GM, Appl. Surf. Sci., 346, 223 (2015)
Maldhure AV, Ekhe JD, Chem. Eng. J., 168(3), 1103 (2011)
Calvete T, Lima EC, Cardoso NF, Dias SLP, Ribeiro ES, Clean: Air, Soil, Water, 38, 521 (2010)
Lima EC, Barbosa F, Krug FJ, Guaita U, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 14, 1601 (1999)
Lima EC, Barbosa F, Krug FJ, Tavares A, Talanta, 57, 177 (2002)
Lima EC, Krug FJ, Nobrega JA, Nogueira ARA, Talanta, 47, 613 (1998)
Lima EC, Fenga PG, Romero JR, de Giovani WF, Polyhedron, 17, 313 (1998)
Saucier C, Adebayo MA, Lima EC, Prola LDT, Thue PS, Umpierres CS, Puchana-Rosero MJ, Machado FM, Clean Technol., 43, 1389 (2015)
Alencar WS, Lima EC, Royer B, dos Santos BD, Calvete T, da Silva EA, Alves CN, Sep. Sci. Technol., 47(3), 513 (2012)
Lima EC, Adebayo MA, Machado FM, Chapter 3- Kinetic and Equilibrium Models of Adsorption in Carbon Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Environmental and Biological Applications, Bergmann CP, Machado FM, Eds., Springer (2015).
Langmuir I, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 40, 1361 (1918)
Freundlich H, Phys. Chem. Soc., 40, 1361 (1906)
Sips R, J. Chem. Phys., 16, 490 (1948)
Balbuenat PB, Gubbins KE, Langmuir, 9, 1801 (1993)
Prenzel T, Guedes TLM, Schluter F, Wilhelm M, Rezwan K, Sep. Purif. Technol., 129, 80 (2014)
Nam SW, Choi DJ, Kim SK, Her N, Zoh KD, J. Hazard. Mater., 270, 144 (2014)
Biniak S, Szymanski G, Siedlewski J, Swiatkowski A, Carbon, 35, 1799 (1997)
Otake Y, Jenkins RG, Carbon, 31, 109 (1993)
Smith KM, Fowler GD, Pullket S, Graham NDJ, Water Res., 43, 2569 (2009)
Gasco GB, Guerrero CG, Mendez F, Lazaro AM, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 74, 413 (2005)
Pereira KAA, Osorio LR, Silva MP, Sousa KS, Filho ECS, Mater. Res., 17, 1516 (2014)
Suriyanon N, Punyapalakul P, Ngamcharussrivichai C, Chem. Eng. J., 214, 208 (2013)
Bui TX, Choi H, J. Hazard. Mater., 168(2-3), 602 (2009)
dos Reis GS, Sampaio CH, Lima EC, Wilhelm M, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 497, 304 (2016)
Hu X, Cheng Z, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 23(9), 1551 (2015)
Alvarez S, Ribeiro RS, Gomes HT, Sotelo JL, Garcia J, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 95, 229 (2015)
Dai CM, Geissen SU, Zhang YL, Zhang YJ, Zhou XF, Environ. Pollut., 159, 1660 (2011)
Caputo G, Scognamiglio M, De Marco I, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 90(8), 1082 (2012)
