Articles & Issues
- Language
- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
-
Received February 3, 2016
Accepted May 2, 2016
- This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © KIChE. All rights reserved.
All issues
Influence of process conditions on product yield of waste tyre pyrolysis- A review
Prakash Parthasarathy
Hang
Hang Seok Choi†
Hoon Chae Park
Jae Gyu Hwang
Ho Seong Yoo
Byeong-Kyu Lee
Mukesh Upadhyay
Clean Energy Conversion Process Laboratory (CECP), Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, August 2016, 33(8), 2268-2286(19), 10.1007/s11814-016-0126-2
Download PDF
Abstract
Waste tyres have become a grave concern as their accumulation is aggregating every year. Not only the size of waste tyre has to be reduced, but also some useful energy has to be recovered out of it as the world badly requires energy from alternate sources. Pyrolysis is one such method to extract energy potential products from waste tyres. It is extensively used to generate carbon black (solid product), tyre-oil (liquid product) and syngas (gas product) from waste tyres. In that connection, this article discusses the effect of various parameters on the product composition of pyrolysis of waste tyres. The current usage of pyrolysis products and their typical characteristics are also discussed in this critique. Of late, extraction of high value added products, such as activated carbon from carbon black, and limonene from tyre-oil is gaining attention. The article also throws some light on the application and generation routes of activated carbon and limonene from waste tyres.
Keywords
References
Ucar S, Karagoz S, Yanik J, Saglam M, Yuksel M, Fuel Process. Technol., 87(1), 53 (2005)
Gulzad A, Recycling and pyrolysis of scrap tire, Traning Visit Report, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan (2011).
Su Y, Zhao B, Pyrolysis of waste tire powder and its comparison with Shenhua Coal, in International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology, 262 (2009).
Ucar S, Karagoz S, Fuel, 137, 85 (2014)
Su Y, Deng W, A thermogravimetric study of waste tire powder, in 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE), Henan, 1 (2010).
Jang J, Yoo T, Oh J, Iwasaki I, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 22, 1 (1998)
Quek A, Balasubramanian R, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 101, 1 (2013)
Rani S, Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl., 3(5), 164 (2014)
Adhikari B, De D, Maiti S, Prog. Polym. Sci, 25(7), 909 (2000)
Muzenda E, A comparative review of waste tyre pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction (PGL) processes, in International Conference on Chemical Engineering Advanced Computational Technologies (2014).
CIWMB, California Integrated waste management Board (1996).
USEPA, Scrap tires, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/tires/basic.htm. [Accessed: 05-Nov-2015].
Unapumnuk K, Lu MM, Keener TC, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45(26), 8757 (2006)
Murillo R, Navarro MV, Lopez JM, Garcia T, Callen MS, Aylon E, Mastral AM, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 71(2), 945 (2004)
Martinez JD, Murillo R, Garcia T, Veses A, J. Hazard. Mater., 261, 637 (2013)
Islam MR, Haniu H, Beg MRA, Fuel, 87(13-14), 3112 (2008)
Miranda M, Pinto F, Gulyurtlu I, Cabrita I, Fuel, 103, 542 (2013)
Senneca O, Salatino P, Chirone R, Fuel, 78(13), 1575 (1999)
Kar Y, Waste Manage., 31(8), 1772 (2011)
Straka P, Bucko Z, Fuel Process. Technol., 90(10), 1202 (2009)
Williams PT, Waste Manage., 33(8), 1714 (2013)
ETRMA, End of life tyres: A valuable resource with growing potential, Brussels, Belgium (2011).
Bhadra S, De PP, Mondal N, Mukhapadhyaya R, Das Gupta S, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 89(2), 465 (2003)
Nkosi N, Muzenda E, A review and discussion of waste tyre pyrolysis and derived products, in Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2014 Vol II (WCE 2014) (2014).
JATMA, Tyre industry of Japan, 2012 (2011).
Aranda A, Murillo R, Garcia T, Callen MS, Mastral AM, Chem. Eng. J., 126(2-3), 79 (2007)
Bajus M, Olahova N, Pet. Coal, 53(2), 98 (2011)
Amari T, Themelis NJ, Wernick IK, Resour. Policy, 25(3), 179 (1999)
Basu P, Biomass gasification and pyrolysis practical design, First. Oxford, Elsevier Ltd. (2010).
Portofino S, Donatelli A, Iovane P, Innella C, Civita R, Martino M, Matera DA, Russo A, Cornacchia G, Galvagno S, Waste Manage., 33(3), 672 (2013)
Gu M, Dong H, Liu X, Li J, Study on the combustion behavior of pulverized coal and waste tyre by TG-FTIR, in Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, APPEEC, 1 (2010).
Galvagno S, Casu S, Martino M, Di Palma E, Portofino S, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 88(2), 507 (2007)
Martinez JD, Murillo R, Garcia T, Arauzo I, Energy Conv. Manag., 81, 338 (2014)
Aylon E, Fernandez-Colino A, Navarro MV, Murillo R, Garcia T, Mastral AM, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47(12), 4029 (2008)
Liu H, Feng B, Lu J, Zheng C, Chem. Eng. Commun., 192(11), 1482 (2005)
Lee JM, Kim JS, Kim JJ, Energy, 28(6), 575 (2003)
Banar M, Ozkan A, Akyıldız V, Cokaygil Z, Onay O, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 17(1), 125 (2015)
CIWMB, Environmental factors of waste tire pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction, California (1995).
Raj RE, Kennedy ZR, Pillai BC, Energy Conv. Manag., 67, 145 (2013)
Miguel SG, Fowler GD, Sollars CJ, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37(97), 2430 (1998)
Rodriguez ID, Laresgoiti MF, Cabrero MA, Fuel Process. Technol., 72(1), 9 (2001)
Cunliffe AM, Williams PT, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 44(2), 131 (1998)
Olazar M, Aguado R, Arabiourrutia M, Lopez G, Barona A, Bilbao J, Energy Fuels, 22(5), 2909 (2008)
Shah J, Jan MR, Mabood F, Iran J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 27(2), 103 (2008)
Araki T, Kiikawa N, Hosoda H, Nishizaki H, Mitsui S, Conserv. Recycl., 3(2), 155 (1979)
Martinez JD, Puy N, Murillo R, Garcia T, Navarro MV, Mastral AM, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 23, 179 (2013)
Antoniou N, Zabaniotou A, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 20, 539 (2013)
Dai XW, Yin XL, Wu CZ, Zhang WN, Chen Y, Energy, 26(4), 385 (2001)
Gonzalez JF, Encinar JM, Canito JL, Rodriguez JJ, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 58-59, 667 (2001)
Leung DYC, Yin XL, Zhao ZL, Xu BY, Chen Y, Fuel Process. Technol., 79(2), 141 (2002)
Pradhan D, Singh RK, Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl., 2(5), 332 (2011)
Leung DYC, Wang CL, Fuel Process. Technol., 84(1-3), 175 (2003)
Lopez G, Olazar M, Amutio M, Aguado R, Bilbao J, Energy Fuels, 23(11), 5423 (2009)
Oyedun A, Lam KL, Fittkau M, Hui CW, Fuel, 95(1), 417 (2012)
Barbooti MM, Mohamed TJ, Hussain AA, Abas FO, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 72(1), 165 (2004)
Leung DY, Wang C, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 45(2), 153 (1998)
Ding K, Zhong ZP, Zhang B, Song ZW, Qian XX, Energy Fuels, 29(5), 3181 (2015)
Martinez JD, Veses A, Mastral AM, Murillo R, Navarro MV, Puy N, Artigues A, Bartroli J, Garcia T, Fuel Process. Technol., 119, 263 (2014)
Helleur R, Popovic N, Ikura M, Stanciulescu M, Liu D, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 58-59, 813 (2001)
Day M, Cooney JD, Shen Z, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 37(1), 49 (1996)
Roy C, Chaala A, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 32(1), 1 (2001)
Kaminsky W, Mennerich C, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 58-59, 803 (2001)
Wojtowicz MA, Bassilakis R, Serio MA, Carbon black derived from waste tire pyrolysis oil, Advanced Fuel Research, Inc., 2004. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Serio/publication/238102979_CARBON_BLACK_DERIVED_FROM_WASTE_TIRE_PYROLYSIS_OIL/links/00b7d-52ec1d7b067f3000000.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail. [Accessed: 03-Dec-2015].
Williams PT, Brindle AJ, Environ. Technol., 24(7), 921 (2003)
Boxiong S, Chunfei W, Cai L, Binbin G, Rui W, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 78(2), 243 (2007)
Cunliffe AM, Williams PT, Energy Fuels, 13(1), 166 (1999)
Korenova Z, Juma M, Annus J, Markos J, Jelemensk L, Chem. Pap., 60(6), 422 (2006)
Hamadi NK, Chen XD, Farid MM, Lu MGQ, Chem. Eng. J., 84(2), 95 (2001)
Miguel GS, Fowler GD, Sollars CJ, Carbon N. Y., 41(5), 1009 (2003)
Ariyadejwanich P, Tanthapanichakoon W, Nakagawa K, Mukai SR, Tamon H, Carbon N. Y., 41(1), 157 (2003)
Streat M, Patrick JW, Perez MJC, Water Res., 29(2), 467 (1995)
Pakdel H, Roy C, Aublin H, Jean G, Coulombe S, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25(9), 1646 (1991)
Li SQ, Yao Q, Chi Y, Yan JH, Cen KF, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43(1), 5133 (2004)
Teng HS, Serio MA, Wojtowicz MA, Bassilakis R, Solomon PR, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 34(9), 3102 (1995)
Ogasawara S, Kuroda M, Wakao N, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26(12), 2552 (1987)
Gonzalez JF, Encinar JM, Gonzalez-Garcia CM, Sabio E, Ramiro A, Canito JL, Ganan J, Appl. Surf. Sci., 252(17), 5999 (2006)
Lopez G, Olazar M, Artetxe M, Amutio M, Elordi G, Bilbao J, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 85(1-2), 539 (2009)
Belgacem A, Belmedani M, Rebiai R, Hadoun H, Chem. Eng. Trans., 32, 1705 (2013)
Lopez FA, Centeno TA, Rodriguez O, Alguacil FJ, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 63(5), 534 (2013)
Wojtowicz MA, Florczak E, Kroo E, Serio MA, Activated Carbon From Waste Tires for Mercury Emissions Control, 2004 (2004).
Mui ELK, Ko DCK, McKay G, Carbon N. Y., 42(14), 2789 (2004)
Juma M, Korenova Z, Marko J, Jelemensky L, Bafrnec M, Polym. Adv. Technol., 18, 144 (2007)
Roy C, Chaala A, Darmstadt H, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 51(1-2), 201 (1999)
Shah J, Jan MR, Mabood F, J. Polym. Environ., 15(3), 207 (2007)
Paradela F, Pinto F, Ramos AM, Gulyurtlu I, Cabrita I, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 85(1-2), 392 (2009)
Ucar S, Karagoz S, Ozkan AR, Yanik J, Fuel, 84(14-15), 1884 (2005)
Al-Lal AM, Bolonio D, Llamas A, Lapuerta M, Canoira L, Fuel, 150, 208 (2015)
Williams PT, Bottrill RP, Cunliffe AM, Process Saf. Environ. Protect., 76(4), 291 (1998)
Acevedo B, Barriocanal C, Alvarez R, Fuel, 113, 817 (2013)
Pakdel H, Pantea DM, Roy C, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 57(1), 91 (2001)
Rofiqul IM, Haniu H, Rafiqul ABM, J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE, 2(4), 681 (2007)
Stanciulescu M, Ikura M, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 75(2), 217 (2006)
Arabiourrutia M, Lopez G, Elordi G, Olazar M, Aguado R, Bilbao J, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62(18-20), 5271 (2007)
Islam MR, Joardder MUH, Hasan SM, Takai K, Haniu H, Waste Manage., 31(9-10), 2142-9 (2011)
Islam MR, Parveen M, Haniu H, Sarker MRI, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev., 1(1), 89 (2010)
Berrueco C, Esperanza E, Mastral FJ, Ceamanos J, Garcia-Bacaicoa P, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 74, 245 (2005)
Gulzad A, Recycling and pyrolysis of scrap tire, Traning Visit Report, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan (2011).
Su Y, Zhao B, Pyrolysis of waste tire powder and its comparison with Shenhua Coal, in International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology, 262 (2009).
Ucar S, Karagoz S, Fuel, 137, 85 (2014)
Su Y, Deng W, A thermogravimetric study of waste tire powder, in 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE), Henan, 1 (2010).
Jang J, Yoo T, Oh J, Iwasaki I, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 22, 1 (1998)
Quek A, Balasubramanian R, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 101, 1 (2013)
Rani S, Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl., 3(5), 164 (2014)
Adhikari B, De D, Maiti S, Prog. Polym. Sci, 25(7), 909 (2000)
Muzenda E, A comparative review of waste tyre pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction (PGL) processes, in International Conference on Chemical Engineering Advanced Computational Technologies (2014).
CIWMB, California Integrated waste management Board (1996).
USEPA, Scrap tires, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/tires/basic.htm. [Accessed: 05-Nov-2015].
Unapumnuk K, Lu MM, Keener TC, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45(26), 8757 (2006)
Murillo R, Navarro MV, Lopez JM, Garcia T, Callen MS, Aylon E, Mastral AM, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 71(2), 945 (2004)
Martinez JD, Murillo R, Garcia T, Veses A, J. Hazard. Mater., 261, 637 (2013)
Islam MR, Haniu H, Beg MRA, Fuel, 87(13-14), 3112 (2008)
Miranda M, Pinto F, Gulyurtlu I, Cabrita I, Fuel, 103, 542 (2013)
Senneca O, Salatino P, Chirone R, Fuel, 78(13), 1575 (1999)
Kar Y, Waste Manage., 31(8), 1772 (2011)
Straka P, Bucko Z, Fuel Process. Technol., 90(10), 1202 (2009)
Williams PT, Waste Manage., 33(8), 1714 (2013)
ETRMA, End of life tyres: A valuable resource with growing potential, Brussels, Belgium (2011).
Bhadra S, De PP, Mondal N, Mukhapadhyaya R, Das Gupta S, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 89(2), 465 (2003)
Nkosi N, Muzenda E, A review and discussion of waste tyre pyrolysis and derived products, in Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2014 Vol II (WCE 2014) (2014).
JATMA, Tyre industry of Japan, 2012 (2011).
Aranda A, Murillo R, Garcia T, Callen MS, Mastral AM, Chem. Eng. J., 126(2-3), 79 (2007)
Bajus M, Olahova N, Pet. Coal, 53(2), 98 (2011)
Amari T, Themelis NJ, Wernick IK, Resour. Policy, 25(3), 179 (1999)
Basu P, Biomass gasification and pyrolysis practical design, First. Oxford, Elsevier Ltd. (2010).
Portofino S, Donatelli A, Iovane P, Innella C, Civita R, Martino M, Matera DA, Russo A, Cornacchia G, Galvagno S, Waste Manage., 33(3), 672 (2013)
Gu M, Dong H, Liu X, Li J, Study on the combustion behavior of pulverized coal and waste tyre by TG-FTIR, in Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, APPEEC, 1 (2010).
Galvagno S, Casu S, Martino M, Di Palma E, Portofino S, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 88(2), 507 (2007)
Martinez JD, Murillo R, Garcia T, Arauzo I, Energy Conv. Manag., 81, 338 (2014)
Aylon E, Fernandez-Colino A, Navarro MV, Murillo R, Garcia T, Mastral AM, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47(12), 4029 (2008)
Liu H, Feng B, Lu J, Zheng C, Chem. Eng. Commun., 192(11), 1482 (2005)
Lee JM, Kim JS, Kim JJ, Energy, 28(6), 575 (2003)
Banar M, Ozkan A, Akyıldız V, Cokaygil Z, Onay O, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 17(1), 125 (2015)
CIWMB, Environmental factors of waste tire pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction, California (1995).
Raj RE, Kennedy ZR, Pillai BC, Energy Conv. Manag., 67, 145 (2013)
Miguel SG, Fowler GD, Sollars CJ, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37(97), 2430 (1998)
Rodriguez ID, Laresgoiti MF, Cabrero MA, Fuel Process. Technol., 72(1), 9 (2001)
Cunliffe AM, Williams PT, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 44(2), 131 (1998)
Olazar M, Aguado R, Arabiourrutia M, Lopez G, Barona A, Bilbao J, Energy Fuels, 22(5), 2909 (2008)
Shah J, Jan MR, Mabood F, Iran J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 27(2), 103 (2008)
Araki T, Kiikawa N, Hosoda H, Nishizaki H, Mitsui S, Conserv. Recycl., 3(2), 155 (1979)
Martinez JD, Puy N, Murillo R, Garcia T, Navarro MV, Mastral AM, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 23, 179 (2013)
Antoniou N, Zabaniotou A, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 20, 539 (2013)
Dai XW, Yin XL, Wu CZ, Zhang WN, Chen Y, Energy, 26(4), 385 (2001)
Gonzalez JF, Encinar JM, Canito JL, Rodriguez JJ, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 58-59, 667 (2001)
Leung DYC, Yin XL, Zhao ZL, Xu BY, Chen Y, Fuel Process. Technol., 79(2), 141 (2002)
Pradhan D, Singh RK, Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl., 2(5), 332 (2011)
Leung DYC, Wang CL, Fuel Process. Technol., 84(1-3), 175 (2003)
Lopez G, Olazar M, Amutio M, Aguado R, Bilbao J, Energy Fuels, 23(11), 5423 (2009)
Oyedun A, Lam KL, Fittkau M, Hui CW, Fuel, 95(1), 417 (2012)
Barbooti MM, Mohamed TJ, Hussain AA, Abas FO, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 72(1), 165 (2004)
Leung DY, Wang C, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 45(2), 153 (1998)
Ding K, Zhong ZP, Zhang B, Song ZW, Qian XX, Energy Fuels, 29(5), 3181 (2015)
Martinez JD, Veses A, Mastral AM, Murillo R, Navarro MV, Puy N, Artigues A, Bartroli J, Garcia T, Fuel Process. Technol., 119, 263 (2014)
Helleur R, Popovic N, Ikura M, Stanciulescu M, Liu D, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 58-59, 813 (2001)
Day M, Cooney JD, Shen Z, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 37(1), 49 (1996)
Roy C, Chaala A, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 32(1), 1 (2001)
Kaminsky W, Mennerich C, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 58-59, 803 (2001)
Wojtowicz MA, Bassilakis R, Serio MA, Carbon black derived from waste tire pyrolysis oil, Advanced Fuel Research, Inc., 2004. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Serio/publication/238102979_CARBON_BLACK_DERIVED_FROM_WASTE_TIRE_PYROLYSIS_OIL/links/00b7d-52ec1d7b067f3000000.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail. [Accessed: 03-Dec-2015].
Williams PT, Brindle AJ, Environ. Technol., 24(7), 921 (2003)
Boxiong S, Chunfei W, Cai L, Binbin G, Rui W, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 78(2), 243 (2007)
Cunliffe AM, Williams PT, Energy Fuels, 13(1), 166 (1999)
Korenova Z, Juma M, Annus J, Markos J, Jelemensk L, Chem. Pap., 60(6), 422 (2006)
Hamadi NK, Chen XD, Farid MM, Lu MGQ, Chem. Eng. J., 84(2), 95 (2001)
Miguel GS, Fowler GD, Sollars CJ, Carbon N. Y., 41(5), 1009 (2003)
Ariyadejwanich P, Tanthapanichakoon W, Nakagawa K, Mukai SR, Tamon H, Carbon N. Y., 41(1), 157 (2003)
Streat M, Patrick JW, Perez MJC, Water Res., 29(2), 467 (1995)
Pakdel H, Roy C, Aublin H, Jean G, Coulombe S, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25(9), 1646 (1991)
Li SQ, Yao Q, Chi Y, Yan JH, Cen KF, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43(1), 5133 (2004)
Teng HS, Serio MA, Wojtowicz MA, Bassilakis R, Solomon PR, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 34(9), 3102 (1995)
Ogasawara S, Kuroda M, Wakao N, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26(12), 2552 (1987)
Gonzalez JF, Encinar JM, Gonzalez-Garcia CM, Sabio E, Ramiro A, Canito JL, Ganan J, Appl. Surf. Sci., 252(17), 5999 (2006)
Lopez G, Olazar M, Artetxe M, Amutio M, Elordi G, Bilbao J, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 85(1-2), 539 (2009)
Belgacem A, Belmedani M, Rebiai R, Hadoun H, Chem. Eng. Trans., 32, 1705 (2013)
Lopez FA, Centeno TA, Rodriguez O, Alguacil FJ, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 63(5), 534 (2013)
Wojtowicz MA, Florczak E, Kroo E, Serio MA, Activated Carbon From Waste Tires for Mercury Emissions Control, 2004 (2004).
Mui ELK, Ko DCK, McKay G, Carbon N. Y., 42(14), 2789 (2004)
Juma M, Korenova Z, Marko J, Jelemensky L, Bafrnec M, Polym. Adv. Technol., 18, 144 (2007)
Roy C, Chaala A, Darmstadt H, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 51(1-2), 201 (1999)
Shah J, Jan MR, Mabood F, J. Polym. Environ., 15(3), 207 (2007)
Paradela F, Pinto F, Ramos AM, Gulyurtlu I, Cabrita I, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 85(1-2), 392 (2009)
Ucar S, Karagoz S, Ozkan AR, Yanik J, Fuel, 84(14-15), 1884 (2005)
Al-Lal AM, Bolonio D, Llamas A, Lapuerta M, Canoira L, Fuel, 150, 208 (2015)
Williams PT, Bottrill RP, Cunliffe AM, Process Saf. Environ. Protect., 76(4), 291 (1998)
Acevedo B, Barriocanal C, Alvarez R, Fuel, 113, 817 (2013)
Pakdel H, Pantea DM, Roy C, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 57(1), 91 (2001)
Rofiqul IM, Haniu H, Rafiqul ABM, J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE, 2(4), 681 (2007)
Stanciulescu M, Ikura M, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 75(2), 217 (2006)
Arabiourrutia M, Lopez G, Elordi G, Olazar M, Aguado R, Bilbao J, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62(18-20), 5271 (2007)
Islam MR, Joardder MUH, Hasan SM, Takai K, Haniu H, Waste Manage., 31(9-10), 2142-9 (2011)
Islam MR, Parveen M, Haniu H, Sarker MRI, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev., 1(1), 89 (2010)
Berrueco C, Esperanza E, Mastral FJ, Ceamanos J, Garcia-Bacaicoa P, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 74, 245 (2005)