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Received April 10, 2017
Accepted July 17, 2017
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Optimization of gold recovery from copper anode slime by acidic ionic liquid
Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, November 2017, 34(11), 2958-2965(8), 10.1007/s11814-017-0200-4
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Abstract
Hydrometallurgical gold recovery from primary or secondary sources is mainly based on a cyanide process, which is very dangerous for the environment due to the high toxicity levels. In view of the environmental effect, the present study proposes a new green solvent called 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (EmimHSO4) ionic liquid (IL) to recover gold from copper anode slime (CAS). The optimum leaching conditions for maximizing gold recovery were determined by orthogonal array (OA) of Taguchi’s experimental design method. OA L16 (44) including four parameters with four levels each, was used to examine the effects of IL concentration (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% v/v), temperature (25, 50, 75, 95 °C), time (½, 1, 2, 4 h) and solid/liquid ratio (1/10, 1/15, 1/20, 1/25 g/mL) on leaching efficiency of the gold recovery. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the relevance between experimental conditions and gold recovery. The selective leaching tests results showed that gold recovery up to 89.07% was attained on laboratory scale under the optimum leach conditions: 80% IL concentration, 75 °C, 4 h and 1/25 g/mL solid/liquid ratio. According to these results, EmimHSO4 IL provides a very good ambiance for the oxidative leaching of gold and can be offered as an alternative leaching agent instead of harmful cyanide-based solvents.
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References
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Kilic Y, Kartal G, Timur S, Int. J. Miner. Process., 124, 75 (2013)
Liu WF, Yang TZ, Zhang DC, Chen L, Liu YN, Int. J. Miner. Process., 128, 48 (2014)
Donmez B, Celik C, Colak S, Yartasi A, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37(8), 3382 (1998)
Khaleghi A, Ghader S, Afzali D, Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., 24, 251 (2014)
Hait J, Jana RK, Kumar V, Dasgupta P, Bandyopadhyay M, Sanyal SK, Int. J. Environ. Waste Manage., 216 (1998)
Dutton WA, Steen AJV, Themelis NJ, Metall. Trans., 2, 3091 (1971)
Amer AM, Waste Manage., 23, 763 (2003)
Chen A, Peng Z, Hwang JY, Ma Y, Liu X, Chen X, JOM, 67(2), 493 (2015)
Syed S, Hydrometallurgy, 115, 30 (2012)
Wang WK, Hoh YC, Chuang WS, Shaw IS, US Patent, 4,293,332 (1981).
Dehghanpoor MH, Zivdar M, Torabi M, J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 116(2), 1153 (2016)
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Yavuz O, Ziyadanogullari R, Sep. Sci. Technol., 35(1), 133 (2000)
Nam KS, Jung BH, An JW, Ha TJ, Tran T, Kim MJ, Int. J. Miner. Process., 86(1), 131 (2008)
Donmez B, Ekinci Z, Celik C, Colak S, Hydrometallurgy, 52(1), 81 (1999)
Donmez B, Sevim F, Colak S, Chem. Eng. Technol., 24(1), 91 (2001)
Kholmogrov AG, Kononova ON, Pashkov GL, Kononov YS, Hydrometallurgy, 64, 43 (2002)
Monhemius AJ, Ball SP, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., Sect. C, 104, 117 (1995)
Xu B, Yang Y, Li Q, Yin W, Jiang T, Li G, Hydrometallurgy, 164, 278 (2016)
Meng X, Han KN, in Hydrometallurgy Fundamentals, Ed. Hiskey JB, Warren GW, Colorado (1993).
Tian G, Li J, Hua Y, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 20(3), 513 (2010)
Park J, Jung Y, Kusumah P, Lee J, Kwon K, Lee CK, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 15(9), 15320 (2014)
Plechkova NV, Seddon KR, Chem. Soc. Rev., 37(1), 123 (2008)
Docherty KM, Dixon JK, Kulpa CF, Biodegradation, 18, 481 (2007)
Jordan A, Gathergood N, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44(22), 8200 (2015)
Romero A, Santos A, Tojo J, Rodriguez A, J. Hazard. Mater., 151(1), 313 (2008)
Whitehead JA, Lawrance GA, McCluskey A, Green Chem., 6, 313 (2004)
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Whitehead JA, Zhang J, McCluskey A, Lawrance GA, Hydrometallurgy, 98(3-4), 276 (2009)
Jenkin GRT, Al-Bassam AZM, Harris RC, Abbott AP, Smith DJ, Holwell DA, Chapman RJ, Stanley CJ, Miner. Eng., 87, 18 (2016)
Wang WH, Tarng YS, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 84, 122 (1998)
Ghana JA, Choudhury IA, Hassan HH, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 145, 84 (2004)
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Guo Z, Pan F, Xiao X, Zhang L, Jiang K, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China,, 20, 2000 (2010)
Bese VA, Ata NO, Celik C, Colak S, Chem. Eng. Process., 42, 29 (2003)
Safarzadeh MS, Moradkhani D, Ilkhchi MO, Golshan NH, Sep. Purif. Technol., 58(3), 367 (2008)
Shariati S, Golshekan M, J. Anal. Chem., 69(3), 248 (2014)
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Huang H, Cheng G, Chen L, Zhu X, Xu H, Water Air Soil Pollut., 203(1-4), 53 (2009)
Kaminari NMS, Schultz DR, Ponte MJJS, Ponte HA, Marino CEB, Neto AC, Chem. Eng. J., 126(2-3), 139 (2007)
Chen TT, Dutrizac JE, Can. Metall. Q., 28(2), 127 (1989)
Taguchi G, System of Experimental Design, Quality Resources, New York, Vol. 1 (1987).
Rao SR, Resource Recovery and Recycling from Metallurgical Wastes, 1st Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherland (2006).
Kim SM, Park KS, Kim KD, Park SD, Kim HT, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 15(6), 894 (2009)
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Torkaman R, Soltanieh M, Kazemian H, Chem. Eng. Technol., 33(6), 902 (2010)
Edrissi M, Soleymani M, Adinehnia M, Chem. Eng. Technol., 34(11), 1813 (2011)
Tong G, Precious Met., 3, 4 (2001)
Shouming Y, Yongwei Z, Shenyou Z, Gold, 4, 18 (2003)
Kılıcarslan A, Sarıdede MN, Stopic S, Fredrich B, Int. J. Miner., Metall. Mater., 21(2), 138 (2014)
Huang J, Chen M, Chen H, Chen S, Sun Q, Waste Manage., 34(2), 483 (2014)
Nian CY, Yang WH, Tarng YS, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 95(1), 90 (1999)
Sahraie NR, Paraknowitsch JP, Gobel C, Thomas A, Strasser P, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136(41), 14486 (2014)
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Oyama T, Okajima T, Ohsaka T, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154(6), 322 (2007)
Chen L, Sharifzadeh M, Dowell NM, Welton T, Shah N, Hallett JP, Green Chem., 16, 3098 (2014)
