We investigated the effect of the major process parameters (crystallization temperature and time) on the efficiency of the vancomycin crystallization process and conducted a kinetic and thermodynamic analysis. The most clear and uniform vancomycin crystals with the highest yield (~98%) were obtained at the optimum crystallization temperature (283 K) and time (1,440 min). The electron microscope, SEM, and XRD analyses showed that intact crystalline vancomycin was obtained when using a crystallization temperature of 283, 288, and 293 K. The kinetic analysis results revealed that the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) model was suitable with a high value for r2 (>0.9561) and low value for RMSD (<0.0170). Finally, from the thermodynamic analysis the Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG0), entropy change (ΔS0), and enthalpy change (ΔH0) were all negative, indicating that the crystallization process was spontaneous, irreversible, and exothermic.

Vancomycin Crystallization Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov Model Kinetics Thermodynamics

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