Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) were fabricated via a layer by layer arrangement on a glass plate using a dip-coating technique for the photocatalytic-adsorptive removal of phenol. Thinner TiO2 layer coated on PAC sub-layer has larger surface area and better phenol removal than the thicker TiO2 layer. The system obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model, which exhibited a homogeneous and monolayer adsorption with a maximum capacity of 27.8mg g-1. The intra-particle diffusion was the rate-limiting step as the linear plot crossed the origin, while the adsorption was unfavorable at elevated temperature. Under light irradiation, the TiO2/PAC system removed phenol two-times more effectively than the TiO2 monolayer due to the synergistic effect of photocatalysis by TiO2 top layer and adsorption by PAC sub-layer. The COD removal of phenol was rapid for 10mg L-1 of concentration and under solar light irradiation. It was shown that the PAC sub-layer plays a significant role in the total removal of phenol by providing the adsorption sites and slowing down the recombination rate of charge carriers to improve the TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation performance.

Layer by Layer Monolayer Adsorption Photocatalytic Oxidation Powdered Activated Carbon Synergistic Effect

Saravanan P, Pakshirajan K, Saha P, J. Hydro-environ. Res., 3, 45 (2009)
Duma V, Popp KE, Kung MC, Zhou H, Nguyen S, Ohyama S, Kung HH, Marshall CL, Chem. Eng. J., 99(3), 227 (2004)
Guo ZF, Ma RX, Li GJ, Chem. Eng. J., 119(1), 55 (2006)
Fierascu I, Avramescu SM, Petreanu I, Marinoiu A, Soare A, Nica A, Fierascu RC, React. Kinet. Mech. Cat., 122, 155 (2017)
Girods P, Dufour A, Fierro V, Rogaume Y, Rogaume C, Zoulalian A, Celzard A, J. Hazard. Mater., 166(1), 491 (2009)
Mahadevan H, Dev VV, Krishnan KA, Abraham A, Ershana O, Environ. Technol. Innovation, 9, 1 (2018)
Baldrick P, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 56, 290 (2010)
Saran S, Manjari G, Arunkumar P, Devipriya SP, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 34(11), 2984 (2017)
Dong H, Zeng G, Tang L, Fan C, Zhang C, He X, He Y, Water Res., 79, 128 (2015)
Farzadkia M, Shahamat YD, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, Gholami M, Shahryari A, J. Eng., 2014, 10 (2014)
Dubber D, Gray NF, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng., 45, 1595 (2010)
Rangkooy HA, Pour MN, Dehaghi BF, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 34(12), 3142 (2017)
Kalantary RR, Shahamat YD, Farzadkia M, Esrafili A, Asgharnia H, Desalin. Water Treat., 55, 555 (2015)
Omo-Okoro PN, Daso AP, Okonkwo JO, Environ. Technol. Innovation, 9, 100 (2018)
Sriwong C, Wongnawa S, Patarapaiboolchai O, J. Environ. Sci., 24, 464 (2012)
Andriantsiferana C, Mohamed EF, Delmas H, Environ. Technol., 35, 355 (2014)
Xing B, Shi C, Zhang C, Yi G, Chen L, Guo H, Huang G, Cao J, J. Nanomater, 2016, 10 (2016)
Martins AC, Cazetta AL, Pezoti O, Souza JRB, Zhang T, Pilau EJ, Asefa T, Almeida VC, Ceram. Int., 43, 4411 (2017)
Ngoh YS, Nawi MA, Mater. Res. Bull., 76, 8 (2016)
Jawad AH, Nawi MA, React. Kinet. Mech. Cat., 106, 49 (2012)
Shi J, Zheng J, Wu P, Ji X, Catal. Commun., 9, 1846 (2008)
Puma GL, Bono A, Krishnaiah D, Collin JG, J. Hazard. Mater., 157(2-3), 209 (2008)
Andronic L, Duta A, Thin Solid Films, 515(16), 6294 (2007)
Lopez A, Acosta D, Martinez AI, Santiago J, Powder Technol., 202(1-3), 111 (2010)
Stefanov B, Osterlund L, Coatings, 4, 587 (2014)
Zafar M, Yun JY, Kim DH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 35, 567 (2017)
Bahrudin NN, Nawi MA, React. Kinet. Mech. Cat., 124, 153 (2018)
Nawi MA, Zain SM, Appl. Surf. Sci., 258(16), 6148 (2012)
Marrakchi F, Khanday W, Asif M, Hameed B, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 93, 1231 (2016)
Xing B, Shi C, Zhang C, Yi G, Chen L, Guo H, Huang G, Cao J, J. Nanomater, 2016, 3 (2016)
Dada A, Olalekan A, Olatunya A, Dada O, IOSR J. Appl. Chem., 3, 38 (2012)
Nethaji S, Sivasamy A, Mandal A, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 10, 231 (2013)
Heraldy E, Hidayat Y, Firdaus M, IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng., 107, 012067 (2016)
Ngoh YS, Nawi MA, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 13, 907 (2016)
Nawi MA, Sabar S, Jawad AH, Sheilatina, Ngah WSW, Biochem. Eng. J., 49, 317 (2010)
Ansari R, Mohammad-khah, Nazmi M, Current Chem. Lett., 2, 215 (2013)
Jing LQ, Qu YC, Wang BQ, Li SD, Jiang BJ, Yang LB, Fu W, Fu HG, Sun JZ, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 90(12), 1773 (2006)
Sabar S, Nawi MA, Desalin. Water Treat., 57, 10312 (2016)
Nawi MA, Sabar S, Sheilatina, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 372, 80 (2012)
Ghosh T, Oh WC, Asian J. Chem., 24, 5419 (2012)
Shahamat YD, Farzadkia M, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, Gholami M, Esrafili A, J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 12, 50 (2014)
Chen J, Zhang J, Xian Y, Ying X, Liu M, Jin L, Water Res., 39, 1340 (2005)
Kang YW, Cho MJ, Hwang KY, Water Res., 33, 1247 (1999)
Kolb M, Bahadir M, Teichgraber B, Water Res., 122, 645 (2017)
Jin P, Chang R, Liu D, Zhao K, Zhang L, Ouyang Y, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2, 1040 (2014)
Baransi K, Dubowski Y, Sabbah I, Water Res., 46, 789 (2012)