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Received June 24, 2019
Accepted August 5, 2019
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Visible-to-UV triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion from a thermally activated delayed fluorescence/pyrene pair in an air-saturated solution
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea 1Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea 2Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Korea
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, November 2019, 36(11), 1791-1798(8), 10.1007/s11814-019-0355-2
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Abstract
Despite increasing use of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) of low-energy visible light, the generation of ultraviolet (UV) photons by TTA remains challenging because of the difficulty in finding sensitizers and acceptors with suitable energy levels. Here, we report efficient, photostable visible-to-UV TTA-UC in an air-saturated solution using a new pair with suitable energy levels: a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecule and pyrene. 4CzIPN, which has extremely small energy difference ΔEST (0.083 eV), was used as the TADF sensitizer to promote effective triplet energy transfer to the acceptor. When oleic acid was used as an effective singlet oxygen receptor in an air-saturated solution, the 4CzIPN/pyrene pair exhibited bright upconverted emission at 370-430 nm under 445 nm laser excitation, but no noticeable upconverted emission was observed when 4CzIPN was paired with previously reported UV-emitting acceptors [2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO), p-terphenyl, and p-quaterphenyl]. TTA was confirmed by the quadratic dependence of the upconverted emission intensity on the 445 nm laser power density. The maximum quantum yield of the upconverted emission from the 4CzIPN/pyrene pair was 0.66%, which is considerable when compared with that of a previously reported visible-to-UV TTA-UC system with a biacetyl/PPO pair (0.58%).
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References
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Trupke T, Green MA, Wurfel P, J. Appl. Phys., 92(7), 4117 (2002)
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Gray V, Dzebo D, Abrahamsson M, Albinsson B, Moth-Poulsen K, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16(22), 10345 (2014)
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Kim JH, Deng F, Castellano FN, Kim JH, Chem. Mater., 24(12), 2250 (2012)
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Castellano FN, McCusker CE, Dalton Trans., 44, 17906 (2015)
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Wu W, Cui X, Zhao J, Chem. Commun., 49(79), 9009 (2013)
Zhou J, Liu Q, Feng W, Sun Y, Li FY, Chem. Rev., 115(1), 395 (2015)
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Zhao W, Castellano FN, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110(40), 11440 (2006)
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Uoyama H, Goushi K, Shizu K, Nomura H, Adachi C, Nature, 492(7428), 234 (2012)
Yanai N, Kozue M, Amemori S, Kabe R, Adachi C, Kimizuka N, J. Mater. Chem. C, 4(27), 6447 (2016)
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Liu Q, Xu M, Yang T, Tian B, Zhang X, Li F, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10(12), 9883 (2018)
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Singh-Rachford TN, Castellano FN, Coord. Chem. Rev., 254(21), 2560 (2010)
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Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Chem. Commun., 52(31), 5354 (2016)
Kim JH, Kim JH, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134(42), 17478 (2012)
Liu Q, Yin B, Yang T, Yang Y, Shen Z, Yao P, Li F, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 135, 5029 (2013)
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Peng J, Guo X, Jiang X, Zhao D, Ma Y, Chem. Sci.7, 1233(2), 2016
Li C, Koenigsmann C, Deng F, Hagstrom A, Schmuttenmaer CA, Kim JH, ACS Photonics, 3(5), 784 (2016)
Hagstrom AL, Lee HL, Lee MS, Choe HS, Jung J, Park BG, Han WS, Ko JS, Kim JH, Kim JH, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10(10), 8985 (2018)
Okumura K, Mase K, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Chem. Eur. J., 22(23), 7721 (2016)
