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Received July 17, 2019
Accepted December 1, 2019
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Optimizations of microwave-assisted extraction and transesterification of bio-crude oil from spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, March 2020, 37(3), 466-474(9), 10.1007/s11814-019-0444-2
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Abstract
Optimizations of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and transesterification of bio-crude oil from spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) were conducted. The bio-crude oil from A. platensis was initially extracted using water as a solvent, centrifugation, dissolved with n-hexane, separation, and continued to evaporation. The optimization for the extraction was conducted with varieties of biomass-to-solvent ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, and n-hexane contact time, yielding the optimum condition with biomass/solvent 1 : 7, extraction temperature 70 °C, extraction time 15 minutes, and contact time 25 minutes (D70/15-25) 5.56%. The average yield of the bio-crude oil obtained was 4.87%, variation 0.32, standard deviation 0.57, and standard error 0.14. The optimization for transesterification was carried out with variations of bio-crude oil-to-methanol ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time, yielding the optimum condition with bio-crude oil/methanol 1 : 6, reaction temperature 65 oC, and reaction time 50 minutes (G65/50) 98%. The average yield of the biodiesel obtained was 88%, variation 50.29, standard deviation 7.09, and standard error 2.68. The cell damage before and after extraction and also conventional heating observed using SEM showed massive damage by this method.
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References
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