Articles & Issues
- Language
- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
-
Received April 27, 2020
Accepted June 8, 2020
-
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © KIChE. All rights reserved.
All issues
Development strategies in transition metal carbide for hydrogen evolution reaction: A review
1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
jwlee1@kaist.ac.kr
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, August 2020, 37(8), 1317-1330(14), 10.1007/s11814-020-0612-4
Download PDF
Abstract
Economically viable hydrogen production by water electrolysis requires an inexpensive and efficient electrocatalyst. Transition metal carbides (TMCs) have many merits such as low price, platinum-like catalytic activity, high physical stability, and electrical conductivity. This review presents strategies for improving the catalytic activity of TMCs. It highlights synthesis using nanostructuring by inorganic-organic complexes and carbon supports to increase the number of active sites and to facilitate mass transport, and modification of electronic configuration by heteroatom doping, heterostructure, and phase control to increase intrinsic activity. The review concludes with an outlook on challenges to achieving practical TMC catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
References
Dresselhaus MS, Thomas IL, Nature, 414, 332 (2001)
Thompson ST, Papageorgopoulos D, Nat. Catal., 2, 558 (2019)
Zou X, Zhang Y, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 5148 (2015)
Wang J, Xu F, Jin H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Adv. Mater., 29, 160583 (2017)
Shi Y, Zhang B, Chem. Soc. Rev., 45, 1529 (2016)
Merki D, Hu X, Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 3878 (2011)
Gao Q, Zhang W, Shi Z, Yang L, Tang Y, Adv. Mater., 31, 180288 (2019)
Xiao P, Ge XM, Wang HB, Liu ZL, Fisher A, Wang X, Adv. Funct. Mater., 25(10), 1520 (2015)
Voiry D, Salehi M, Silva R, Fujita T, Chen M, Asefa T, Shenoy VB, Eda G, Chhowalla M, Nano Lett., 13, 6222 (2013)
Chen JG, Chem. Rev., 96(4), 1477 (1996)
Hwu HH, Chen JGG, Chem. Rev., 105(1), 185 (2005)
Vrubel H, Hu X, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 51, 12703 (2012)
Kitchin JR, Norskov JK, Barteau MA, Chen JGG, Catal. Today, 105(1), 66 (2005)
Gong Q, Wang Y, Hu Q, Zhou J, Feng R, Duchesne PN, Zhang P, Chen F, Han N, Li Y, Jin C, Li Y, Lee ST, Nat. Commun., 7, 13216 (2016)
Patt J, Moon DJ, Phillips C, Thompson L, Catal. Lett., 65(4), 193 (2000)
Furimsky E, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 240(1-2), 1 (2003)
Dhandapani B, St Clair T, Oyama ST, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 168(2), 219 (1998)
Wirth S, Harnisch F, Weinmann M, Schroder U, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 126, 225 (2012)
Wei J, Zhou M, Long A, Xue Y, Liao H, Wei C, Xu ZJ, Nano-Micro Lett., 10, 75 (2018)
Ledezma-Yanez I, Wallace WDZ, Sebastian-Pascual P, Climent V, Feliu JM, Koper MT, Nat. Energy, 2, 17031 (2017)
Luo JS, Im JH, Mayer MT, Schreier M, Nazeeruddin MK, Park NG, Tilley SD, Fan HJ, Gratzel M, Science, 345(6204), 1593 (2014)
Conway BE, Tilak BV, Electrochim. Acta, 47(22-23), 3571 (2002)
Michalsky R, Zhang YJ, Peterson AA, ACS Catal., 4, 1274 (2014)
Oyama ST, Schlatter JC, Metcalfe JE, Lambert JM, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 27, 1639 (1988)
Lu J, Hugosson H, Eriksson O, Nordstrom L, Jansson U, Thin Solid Films, 370(1-2), 203 (2000)
Hyeon TH, Fang MM, Suslick KS, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118(23), 5492 (1996)
Chen WF, Wang CH, Sasaki K, Marinkovic N, Xu W, Muckerman JT, Zhu Y, Adzic RR, Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 943 (2013)
Zhao Y, Kamiya K, Hashimoto K, Nakanishi S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137(1), 110 (2015)
Hunt ST, Nimmanwudipong T, Roman-Leshkov Y, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 53, 5131 (2014)
Hunt ST, Milina M, Alba-Rubio AC, Hendon CH, Dumesic JA, Roman-Leshkov Y, Science, 352(6288), 974 (2016)
Kecskes LJ, Niiler A, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72, 655 (1989)
Lee JS, Oyama ST, Boudart M, J. Catal., 106, 125 (1987)
Wan C, Regmi YN, Leonard BM, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 53, 6407 (2014)
Claridge JB, York APE, Brungs AJ, Green MLH, Chem. Mater., 12, 132 (2000)
Wu Z, Yang Y, Gu D, Li Q, Feng D, Chen Z, Tu B, Webley PA, Zhao D, Small, 5, 2738 (2009)
Fan X, Peng Z, Ye R, Zhou H, Guo X, ACS Nano, 9, 7407 (2015)
Hojo J, Oono R, Kato A, J. Mater. Sci., 15, 2335 (1980)
Kim HT, Lee SY, Lee HR, Park CH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 35(1), 246 (2018)
Gao Q, Liu N, Wang S, Tang Y, Nanoscale, 6, 14106 (2014)
Ma R, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Li P, Liu Q, Wang J, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 54, 14723 (2015)
Lin H, Shi Z, He S, Yu X, Wang S, Gao Q, Tang Y, Chem. Sci., 7, 3399 (2016)
Kim S, Choi C, Hwang J, Park J, Jeong J, Jun H, Lee S, Kim SK, Jang JH, Jung Y, Lee J, ACS Nano, 14, 4988 (2020)
Fan X, Zhou H, Guo X, ACS Nano, 9, 5125 (2015)
Li JS, Wang Y, Liu CH, Li SL, Wang YG, Dong LZ, Dai ZH, Li YF, Lan YQ, Nat. Commun., 7, 1 (2016)
Han N, Yang KR, Lu Z, Li Y, Xu W, Gao T, Cai Z, Zhang Y, Batista VS, Liu W, Sun X, Nat. Commun., 9, 1 (2018)
Lin HL, Liu N, Shi ZP, Guo YL, Tang Y, Gao QS, Adv. Funct. Mater., 26(31), 5590 (2016)
Yu F, Gao Y, Lang Z, Ma Y, Yin L, Du J, Tan H, Wang Y, Li Y, Nanoscale, 10, 6080 (2018)
Wan C, Leonard BM, Chem. Mater., 27, 4281 (2015)
Chen YY, Zhang Y, Jiang WJ, Zhang X, Dai Z, Wan LJ, Hu JS, ACS Nano, 10, 8851 (2016)
Bukola S, Merzougui B, Akinpelu A, Zeama M, Electrochim. Acta, 190, 1113 (2016)
Ma TY, Cao JL, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 55, 1138 (2016)
Zhang K, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Yu H, Chen Y, Gao P, Zhu C, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 18715 (2014)
Yan H, Xie Y, Jiao Y, Wu A, Tian C, Zhang X, Wang L, Fu H, Adv. Mater., 30, 170415 (2018)
Nilsson A, Pettersson LGM, Hammer B, Bligaard T, Christensen CH, Norskov JK, Catal. Lett., 100(3-4), 111 (2005)
Gao Y, Lang Z, Yu F, Tan H, Yan G, Wang Y, Ma Y, Li Y, ChemSusChem, 11, 1082 (2018)
He L, Zhang W, Mo Q, Huang W, Yang L, Gao Q, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 59, 3544 (2020)
Zhang XY, Wang JC, Guo T, Liu TY, Wu ZZ, Cavallo L, Cao Z, Wang DZ, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 247, 78 (2019)
Gong Q, Wang Y, Hu Q, Zhou J, Feng R, Duchesne PN, Zhang P, Chen F, Han N, Li Y, Jin C, Li Y, Lee ST, Nat. Commun., 7, 13216 (2016)
dos S. Politi JR, Vines F, Rodriguez JA, Illas F, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 12617 (2013)
Giordano C, Erpen C, Yao W, Antonietti M, Nano Lett., 8, 4659 (2008)
Chen WF, Iyer S, Iyer S, Sasaki K, Wang CH, Zhu Y, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 1818 (2013)
Huang Y, Ge J, Hu J, Zhang J, Hao J, Wei Y, Adv. Eng. Mater., 8, 170160 (2018)
Liu Y, Yu G, Li GD, Sun Y, Asefa T, Chen W, Zou X, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 54, 10752 (2015)
Lee YR, Kim J, Ahn WS, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 30(9), 1667 (2013)
Mahmoodi NM, Taghizadeh M, Taghizadeh A, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(2), 287 (2019)
Kim RK, Jee SH, Ryu UJ, Lee HS, Kim SY, Choi KM, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(6), 975 (2019)
Kumar P, Vejerano E, Khan A, Lisak G, Ahn JH, Kim KH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(11), 1839 (2019)
Wu HB, Xia BY, Yu L, Yu XY, Lou XW, Nat. Commun., 6, 6512 (2015)
Zhang H, Ma Z, Liu G, Shi L, Tang J, Pang H, Wu K, Takei T, Zhang J, Yamauchi Y, Ye J, NPG Asia Mater., 8, e293 (2016)
Liu P, Nørskov JK, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 3814 (2001)
Youn DH, Han S, Kim JY, Kim KY, Park H, Choi SH, Lee JS, ACS Nano, 8, 5164 (2014)
Gomez-Marin AM, Ticianelli EA, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 209, 600 (2017)
Shi Z, Nie K, Shao ZJ, Gao B, Lin H, Zhang H, Liu B, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 10, 1262 (2017)
Tang C, Wang W, Sun A, Qi C, Zhang D, Wu Z, Wang D, ACS Catal., 5, 6956 (2015)
Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 54, 52 (2015)
Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Li LH, Xing T, Chen Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ, ACS Nano, 8, 5290 (2014)
Zhao G, Rui K, Dou SX, Sun W, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 180329 (2018)
Regmi YN, Roy A, Goenaga GA, McBride JR, Rogers BR, Zawodzinski TA, Labbe N, Chmely SC, ChemCatChem, 9, 1054 (2017)
Liu T, Zhang X, Guo T, Wu Z, Wang D, Electrochim. Acta, 334, 135624 (2020)
Liu YC, Huang BB, Xie ZL, Appl. Surf. Sci., 427, 693 (2018)
Zhang H, Jin H, Yang Y, Sun F, Liu Y, Du X, Zhang S, Song F, Wang J, Wang Y, Jiang Z, J. Energy Chem., 35, 66 (2019)
Levy RB, Boudart M, Science, 181, 547 (1973)
Xu YT, Xiao XF, Ye ZM, Zhao SL, Shen RG, He CT, Zhang JP, Li YD, Chen XM, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139(15), 5285 (2017)
Yan G, Wu C, Tan H, Feng X, Yan L, Zang H, Li Y, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 765 (2017)
Ko YJ, Cho JM, Kim I, Jeong DS, Lee KS, Park JK, Baik YJ, Choi HJ, Lee WS, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 203, 684 (2017)
Ren B, Li D, Jin Q, Cui H, Wang C, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 13196 (2017)
Shi JL, Pu ZH, Liu Q, Asiri AM, Hu JM, Sun XP, Electrochim. Acta, 154, 345 (2015)
Schmuecker SM, Clouser D, Kraus TJ, Leonard BM, Dalton T., 46, 13524 (2017)
Ignaszak A, Song CJ, Zhu WM, Zhang JJ, Bauer A, Baker R, Neburchilov V, Ye SY, Campbell S, Electrochim. Acta, 69, 397 (2012)
Edigaryan AA, Safonov VA, Lubnin EN, Vykhodtseva LN, Chusova GE, Polukarov YM, Electrochim. Acta, 47(17), 2775 (2002)
Deshmukh PR, Hyun HS, Sohn YK, Shin WG, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 37(3), 546 (2020)
Chen WF, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Chem. Commun., 49, 8896 (2013)
Li S, Yang C, Yin Z, Yang H, Chen Y, Lin L, Li M, Li W, Hu G, Ma D, Nano Res., 10, 1322 (2017)
Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhao P, Luo W, Chen S, Shao M, Electrocatalysis, 9, 264 (2018)
Xu H, Wan J, Zhang H, Fang L, Liu L, Huang Z, Li J, Gu X, Wang Y, Adv. Eng. Mater., 8, 180057 (2018)
Lee S, Choun M, Ye Y, Lee J, Mun Y, Kang E, Hwang J, Lee YH, Shin CH, Moon SH, Kim SK, Lee E, Lee J, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 54, 9230 (2015)
Mun Y, Kim MJ, Park SA, Lee E, Ye Y, Lee S, Kim YT, Kim S, Kim OH, Cho YH, Sung YE, Lee J, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 222, 191 (2018)
Joo D, Han K, Jang JH, Park SK, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(2), 299 (2019)
Anjum MAR, Lee MH, Lee JS, ACS Catal., 8, 8296 (2018)
Xing JN, Li Y, Guo SW, Jin T, Li HX, Wang YJ, Jiao LF, Electrochim. Acta, 298, 305 (2019)
Chung DY, Jun SW, Yoon G, Kim H, Yoo JM, Lee KS, Kim T, Shin H, Sinha AK, Kwon SG, Kang K, Hyeon T, Sung YE, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139(19), 6669 (2017)
Thompson ST, Papageorgopoulos D, Nat. Catal., 2, 558 (2019)
Zou X, Zhang Y, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 5148 (2015)
Wang J, Xu F, Jin H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Adv. Mater., 29, 160583 (2017)
Shi Y, Zhang B, Chem. Soc. Rev., 45, 1529 (2016)
Merki D, Hu X, Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 3878 (2011)
Gao Q, Zhang W, Shi Z, Yang L, Tang Y, Adv. Mater., 31, 180288 (2019)
Xiao P, Ge XM, Wang HB, Liu ZL, Fisher A, Wang X, Adv. Funct. Mater., 25(10), 1520 (2015)
Voiry D, Salehi M, Silva R, Fujita T, Chen M, Asefa T, Shenoy VB, Eda G, Chhowalla M, Nano Lett., 13, 6222 (2013)
Chen JG, Chem. Rev., 96(4), 1477 (1996)
Hwu HH, Chen JGG, Chem. Rev., 105(1), 185 (2005)
Vrubel H, Hu X, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 51, 12703 (2012)
Kitchin JR, Norskov JK, Barteau MA, Chen JGG, Catal. Today, 105(1), 66 (2005)
Gong Q, Wang Y, Hu Q, Zhou J, Feng R, Duchesne PN, Zhang P, Chen F, Han N, Li Y, Jin C, Li Y, Lee ST, Nat. Commun., 7, 13216 (2016)
Patt J, Moon DJ, Phillips C, Thompson L, Catal. Lett., 65(4), 193 (2000)
Furimsky E, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 240(1-2), 1 (2003)
Dhandapani B, St Clair T, Oyama ST, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 168(2), 219 (1998)
Wirth S, Harnisch F, Weinmann M, Schroder U, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 126, 225 (2012)
Wei J, Zhou M, Long A, Xue Y, Liao H, Wei C, Xu ZJ, Nano-Micro Lett., 10, 75 (2018)
Ledezma-Yanez I, Wallace WDZ, Sebastian-Pascual P, Climent V, Feliu JM, Koper MT, Nat. Energy, 2, 17031 (2017)
Luo JS, Im JH, Mayer MT, Schreier M, Nazeeruddin MK, Park NG, Tilley SD, Fan HJ, Gratzel M, Science, 345(6204), 1593 (2014)
Conway BE, Tilak BV, Electrochim. Acta, 47(22-23), 3571 (2002)
Michalsky R, Zhang YJ, Peterson AA, ACS Catal., 4, 1274 (2014)
Oyama ST, Schlatter JC, Metcalfe JE, Lambert JM, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 27, 1639 (1988)
Lu J, Hugosson H, Eriksson O, Nordstrom L, Jansson U, Thin Solid Films, 370(1-2), 203 (2000)
Hyeon TH, Fang MM, Suslick KS, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118(23), 5492 (1996)
Chen WF, Wang CH, Sasaki K, Marinkovic N, Xu W, Muckerman JT, Zhu Y, Adzic RR, Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 943 (2013)
Zhao Y, Kamiya K, Hashimoto K, Nakanishi S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137(1), 110 (2015)
Hunt ST, Nimmanwudipong T, Roman-Leshkov Y, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 53, 5131 (2014)
Hunt ST, Milina M, Alba-Rubio AC, Hendon CH, Dumesic JA, Roman-Leshkov Y, Science, 352(6288), 974 (2016)
Kecskes LJ, Niiler A, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72, 655 (1989)
Lee JS, Oyama ST, Boudart M, J. Catal., 106, 125 (1987)
Wan C, Regmi YN, Leonard BM, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 53, 6407 (2014)
Claridge JB, York APE, Brungs AJ, Green MLH, Chem. Mater., 12, 132 (2000)
Wu Z, Yang Y, Gu D, Li Q, Feng D, Chen Z, Tu B, Webley PA, Zhao D, Small, 5, 2738 (2009)
Fan X, Peng Z, Ye R, Zhou H, Guo X, ACS Nano, 9, 7407 (2015)
Hojo J, Oono R, Kato A, J. Mater. Sci., 15, 2335 (1980)
Kim HT, Lee SY, Lee HR, Park CH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 35(1), 246 (2018)
Gao Q, Liu N, Wang S, Tang Y, Nanoscale, 6, 14106 (2014)
Ma R, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Li P, Liu Q, Wang J, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 54, 14723 (2015)
Lin H, Shi Z, He S, Yu X, Wang S, Gao Q, Tang Y, Chem. Sci., 7, 3399 (2016)
Kim S, Choi C, Hwang J, Park J, Jeong J, Jun H, Lee S, Kim SK, Jang JH, Jung Y, Lee J, ACS Nano, 14, 4988 (2020)
Fan X, Zhou H, Guo X, ACS Nano, 9, 5125 (2015)
Li JS, Wang Y, Liu CH, Li SL, Wang YG, Dong LZ, Dai ZH, Li YF, Lan YQ, Nat. Commun., 7, 1 (2016)
Han N, Yang KR, Lu Z, Li Y, Xu W, Gao T, Cai Z, Zhang Y, Batista VS, Liu W, Sun X, Nat. Commun., 9, 1 (2018)
Lin HL, Liu N, Shi ZP, Guo YL, Tang Y, Gao QS, Adv. Funct. Mater., 26(31), 5590 (2016)
Yu F, Gao Y, Lang Z, Ma Y, Yin L, Du J, Tan H, Wang Y, Li Y, Nanoscale, 10, 6080 (2018)
Wan C, Leonard BM, Chem. Mater., 27, 4281 (2015)
Chen YY, Zhang Y, Jiang WJ, Zhang X, Dai Z, Wan LJ, Hu JS, ACS Nano, 10, 8851 (2016)
Bukola S, Merzougui B, Akinpelu A, Zeama M, Electrochim. Acta, 190, 1113 (2016)
Ma TY, Cao JL, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 55, 1138 (2016)
Zhang K, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Yu H, Chen Y, Gao P, Zhu C, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 18715 (2014)
Yan H, Xie Y, Jiao Y, Wu A, Tian C, Zhang X, Wang L, Fu H, Adv. Mater., 30, 170415 (2018)
Nilsson A, Pettersson LGM, Hammer B, Bligaard T, Christensen CH, Norskov JK, Catal. Lett., 100(3-4), 111 (2005)
Gao Y, Lang Z, Yu F, Tan H, Yan G, Wang Y, Ma Y, Li Y, ChemSusChem, 11, 1082 (2018)
He L, Zhang W, Mo Q, Huang W, Yang L, Gao Q, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 59, 3544 (2020)
Zhang XY, Wang JC, Guo T, Liu TY, Wu ZZ, Cavallo L, Cao Z, Wang DZ, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 247, 78 (2019)
Gong Q, Wang Y, Hu Q, Zhou J, Feng R, Duchesne PN, Zhang P, Chen F, Han N, Li Y, Jin C, Li Y, Lee ST, Nat. Commun., 7, 13216 (2016)
dos S. Politi JR, Vines F, Rodriguez JA, Illas F, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 12617 (2013)
Giordano C, Erpen C, Yao W, Antonietti M, Nano Lett., 8, 4659 (2008)
Chen WF, Iyer S, Iyer S, Sasaki K, Wang CH, Zhu Y, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 1818 (2013)
Huang Y, Ge J, Hu J, Zhang J, Hao J, Wei Y, Adv. Eng. Mater., 8, 170160 (2018)
Liu Y, Yu G, Li GD, Sun Y, Asefa T, Chen W, Zou X, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 54, 10752 (2015)
Lee YR, Kim J, Ahn WS, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 30(9), 1667 (2013)
Mahmoodi NM, Taghizadeh M, Taghizadeh A, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(2), 287 (2019)
Kim RK, Jee SH, Ryu UJ, Lee HS, Kim SY, Choi KM, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(6), 975 (2019)
Kumar P, Vejerano E, Khan A, Lisak G, Ahn JH, Kim KH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(11), 1839 (2019)
Wu HB, Xia BY, Yu L, Yu XY, Lou XW, Nat. Commun., 6, 6512 (2015)
Zhang H, Ma Z, Liu G, Shi L, Tang J, Pang H, Wu K, Takei T, Zhang J, Yamauchi Y, Ye J, NPG Asia Mater., 8, e293 (2016)
Liu P, Nørskov JK, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 3814 (2001)
Youn DH, Han S, Kim JY, Kim KY, Park H, Choi SH, Lee JS, ACS Nano, 8, 5164 (2014)
Gomez-Marin AM, Ticianelli EA, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 209, 600 (2017)
Shi Z, Nie K, Shao ZJ, Gao B, Lin H, Zhang H, Liu B, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 10, 1262 (2017)
Tang C, Wang W, Sun A, Qi C, Zhang D, Wu Z, Wang D, ACS Catal., 5, 6956 (2015)
Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 54, 52 (2015)
Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Li LH, Xing T, Chen Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ, ACS Nano, 8, 5290 (2014)
Zhao G, Rui K, Dou SX, Sun W, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 180329 (2018)
Regmi YN, Roy A, Goenaga GA, McBride JR, Rogers BR, Zawodzinski TA, Labbe N, Chmely SC, ChemCatChem, 9, 1054 (2017)
Liu T, Zhang X, Guo T, Wu Z, Wang D, Electrochim. Acta, 334, 135624 (2020)
Liu YC, Huang BB, Xie ZL, Appl. Surf. Sci., 427, 693 (2018)
Zhang H, Jin H, Yang Y, Sun F, Liu Y, Du X, Zhang S, Song F, Wang J, Wang Y, Jiang Z, J. Energy Chem., 35, 66 (2019)
Levy RB, Boudart M, Science, 181, 547 (1973)
Xu YT, Xiao XF, Ye ZM, Zhao SL, Shen RG, He CT, Zhang JP, Li YD, Chen XM, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139(15), 5285 (2017)
Yan G, Wu C, Tan H, Feng X, Yan L, Zang H, Li Y, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 765 (2017)
Ko YJ, Cho JM, Kim I, Jeong DS, Lee KS, Park JK, Baik YJ, Choi HJ, Lee WS, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 203, 684 (2017)
Ren B, Li D, Jin Q, Cui H, Wang C, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 13196 (2017)
Shi JL, Pu ZH, Liu Q, Asiri AM, Hu JM, Sun XP, Electrochim. Acta, 154, 345 (2015)
Schmuecker SM, Clouser D, Kraus TJ, Leonard BM, Dalton T., 46, 13524 (2017)
Ignaszak A, Song CJ, Zhu WM, Zhang JJ, Bauer A, Baker R, Neburchilov V, Ye SY, Campbell S, Electrochim. Acta, 69, 397 (2012)
Edigaryan AA, Safonov VA, Lubnin EN, Vykhodtseva LN, Chusova GE, Polukarov YM, Electrochim. Acta, 47(17), 2775 (2002)
Deshmukh PR, Hyun HS, Sohn YK, Shin WG, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 37(3), 546 (2020)
Chen WF, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Chem. Commun., 49, 8896 (2013)
Li S, Yang C, Yin Z, Yang H, Chen Y, Lin L, Li M, Li W, Hu G, Ma D, Nano Res., 10, 1322 (2017)
Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhao P, Luo W, Chen S, Shao M, Electrocatalysis, 9, 264 (2018)
Xu H, Wan J, Zhang H, Fang L, Liu L, Huang Z, Li J, Gu X, Wang Y, Adv. Eng. Mater., 8, 180057 (2018)
Lee S, Choun M, Ye Y, Lee J, Mun Y, Kang E, Hwang J, Lee YH, Shin CH, Moon SH, Kim SK, Lee E, Lee J, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 54, 9230 (2015)
Mun Y, Kim MJ, Park SA, Lee E, Ye Y, Lee S, Kim YT, Kim S, Kim OH, Cho YH, Sung YE, Lee J, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 222, 191 (2018)
Joo D, Han K, Jang JH, Park SK, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(2), 299 (2019)
Anjum MAR, Lee MH, Lee JS, ACS Catal., 8, 8296 (2018)
Xing JN, Li Y, Guo SW, Jin T, Li HX, Wang YJ, Jiao LF, Electrochim. Acta, 298, 305 (2019)
Chung DY, Jun SW, Yoon G, Kim H, Yoo JM, Lee KS, Kim T, Shin H, Sinha AK, Kwon SG, Kang K, Hyeon T, Sung YE, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139(19), 6669 (2017)
