The blend (wax M) of crude by-product polyolefin wax (wax K) and a fractionated commercial paraffin wax (wax J) was suggested to replace the wax J as a coating agent for wax-coated papers. The rheological properties of waxes J, K, and M were examined and compared. The correlation between viscosity and shear rate applied on these waxes maintained at 90 °C and 130 °C was identified. In particular, this paper, for the first time, presented non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior of not only wax K but also its blend of wax M in terms of their viscosity affected by shear rate at an operating temperature below their melting temperature of higher-melting-temperature DSC endothermic peaks (HMTEPs). They showed non-Newtonian behavior, so-called shear thinning behavior, at 90 °C in the light of characteristics of both suspension systems and polymer systems. In addition, the profiles of viscosity at 130 °C of all the waxes versus the shear rate exhibited Newtonian fluid behavior. Wax J also showed the behavior of a dilatant fluid. Then, the physical properties including water vapor transmission rates (WVTR), surface roughness, and coated weights, of thin papers coated with waxes J (WJP), K (WKP), and M (WMP) were evaluated, characterized, and compared. As a result, WMP had an equivalent value to that of WJP or the lowest value among wax-coated papers in terms of WVTR. The surface roughness and the barrier property of WVTR were minimized and enhanced, respectively, by blending waxes J and K. The additional physical properties, including dynamic contact angles, surface tension, wet and dry tensile strength, optical examination of the wax-coated fiber structure, and antimicrobial properties of the wax-coated papers, were evaluated. The excellent antimicrobial properties of clinoptilolite added to wax J or wax M appeared.

Crude Byproduct Polyolefin Wax Paraffin Wax Blend Wax-coated Papers Viscosity Water-resistance Barrier Property Surface Roughness Antimicrobial Property

Ren L, Men L, Zhang Z, Guan F, Tian J, Wang B, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 1941 (2019)
Yang J, Yang Y, Wu WM, Zhao J, Jiang L, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 13776 (2014)
Kawai F, Watanabe M, Shibata M, Yokoyama S, Sudate Y, Hayashi S, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 86, 105 (2004)
Bucio A, Moreno-Tovar R, Bucio L, Espinosa-Davila J, Anguebes-Franceschi F, Coatings, 11, 261 (2021)
Mishra B, Khatkar BS, Garg MK, Wilson LA, J. Food Sci. Technol., 47(1), 109 (2010)
Ragnarsson R, Ford JL, Santangelo CD, Bodenshatz E, Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 3456 (1996)
Rossetti F, Ranalli G, Faccenna G, J. Struct. Geol., 21, 413 (1999)
Czarneck-Komorowska D, Grzeskowiak K, Popielarski P, Barczewski M, Gawdzinska K, Poplawski M, Materials, 13, 2255 (2020)
Liu X, Mohammed HI, Ashkezari AZ, Shahsavar A, Hussein AK, Rostami S, J. Mol. Liq., 300, 112269 (2020)
Dwivedi AP, Ghosal GK, Belkhode PN, International J. of Research in Science and Engineering, 192 (2018).
Ciesinska W, Liszynska B, Zielinski J, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 125, 1439 (2016)
Lee EJ, Park JK, Lee YS, Lim KH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 27(2), 524 (2010)
Lee EJ, Lee YS, Lim KH, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 27(2), 518 (2010)
Katiyara JK, Yadav N, Singh N, Pal VK, Appl. Mech. Mater., 110-116, 627 (2012)
Garai RM, Sanchez IC, Garcıa RT, Valverde MAR, Vilchez MAC, Hidalgo-Alvarez R, J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 26, 9 (2005)
Salih NM, Hashim U, Nafarizal N, Soon CF, Sahdan M, Adv. Mater. Res., 832, 733 (2014)
Schuman T, Adolfsson B, Wikstrom M, Rigdahl M, Prog. Org. Coat., 54, 188 (2005)
Schuman T, Karlsson A, Larsson J, Wikstrom M, Rigdahl M, Prog. Org. Coat., 54, 360 (2005)
Schuman T, Wikstrom M, Rigdahl M, Prog. Org. Coat., 51, 228 (2004)
Pan Y, Xiao H, Song Z, Cellulose, 20, 485 (2013)
Song Z, Xiao H, Zhao Y, Carbohydr. Polym., 111, 442 (2014)
Pan Yuanfeng, Wang Futao, Wei Tengyou, Zhang Chaolan, Xiao Huining, Chem. Eng. J., 302, 33 (2016)
Guan F, Song Z, Xin F, Wang H, Yu D, Li G, Liu W, J. Bioresour. Bioprod., 5, 39 (2020)
Saji VS, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 602, 125132 (2020)
Wei DW, Wei H, Gauthier AC, Song J, Jin Y, Xiao H, J. Bioresour. Bioprod., 5, 1 (2020)
Teisala H, Tuominen M, Kuusipalo J, Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 1, 130002 (2014)
Yakimets I, Wellner N, Smith AC, Wilson RH, Farhat I, Mitchell J, Polymer, 46(26), 12577 (2005)
Coyle DJ, in Liquid film coating, Chapman & Hall, London, U. K. (1997).
Datta R, Yelash L, Schmid F, Kummer F, Oberlack M, Lukacova-Medvidova M, Virnau P, arXiv:2101.03645 [cond-mat.soft](2021).
Kurzbeck S, Kaschta J, Munstedt H, Rheol. Acta, 35(5), 446 (1996)
Toda K, Furuse H, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 102(6), 524 (2006)
Trotta G, Stampone B, Fassi I, Tricarico L, Polym. Testing, 96, 107068 (2021)
Datta R, Yelash L, Schmid F, Kummer F, Oberlack M, Lucacova-Medvidova M, Virnau P, Polymers, 13, 2806 (2021)
Lee SY, Shin BW, Lee HR, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 586(1), 123 (2013)
Wang HH, Garruti G, Liu M, Portincasa P, Wang DQH, Ann. Hepatol., 16, s27 (2017)
Cerbu C, Ilas VA, Czopowicz M, Potarniche AV, Bodart-Nieva EP, Muresan EA, Kaba J, Spinu M, Pall E, Animals, 10(12), 2284 (2020)
Ozogul F, Simat V, Gokdogan S, Regenstein JM, Ozogul Y, Front. Microbiol., 9, 2585 (2018)
Pavelic SK, Medica JS, Gumbarevic D, Filosevic A, Przulj N, Pavelic K, Front. Pharmacol., 9, 1350 (2018)