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Received November 27, 2020
Accepted January 26, 2021
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Development of highly efficient solid acid catalysts supported on mesoporous KIT-6 for esterification of oleic acid
Usama Shakeel1
Murid Hussain1†
Rizwan Sheikh2
Ashfaq Ahmed1 3†
Muhammad Shahid Nazir4
Wenshu Yang5
Nasir Shezad1
Parveen Akhter6
Young-Kwon Park3†
1Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defense Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan 2Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC-Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan, 60000, Pakistan 3School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea 4Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defense Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Korea 5School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China 6Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, 1-km Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
drmhussain@cuilahore.edu.pk
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, May 2021, 38(5), 966-974(9), 10.1007/s11814-021-0754-z
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Abstract
This study aimed at the synthesis of heterogeneous acid catalysts by incorporating 12 tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) over mesoporous silica support KIT-6 via impregnation and sol-gel methods to improve the catalytic efficiency of the esterification reaction. The catalytic activity of the KIT-6 supported catalysts was investigated for esterification of oleic acid in the presence of MeOH. Synthesized catalysts were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. Characterization results showed the variation in porosity, roughness, presence of SiO2 and kegging structure after successful deposition of HPW over KIT-6 surface. Additionally, the textural property of synthesized catalysts was compared with highly active HPW and sulfated KIT-6. The ordered structure of mesoporous silica KIT-6 facilitated the dispersion of HPW resulting in better catalytic stability and activity. To evaluate the impact of synthesizing technique on catalytic activity and effectiveness of heterogeneous acid catalysts, loading of HPW over KIT-6 mesoporous silica was controlled between 10 to 30 wt%. Catalysts synthesized by impregnation and sol-gel methods showed the highest catalytic activity with 30- IM and 25-SG, respectively. The enhanced performance was ascribed to the improved textural property and amount of HPW, which led to higher activity, stability and reusability.
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Moogi S, Nakka L, Potharaju SSP, Ahmed A, Farooq A, Jung SC, Rhee GH, Park YK, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy (2020).
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Ansari SH, Ahmed A, Razzaq A, Hildebrandt D, Liu X, Park YK, Environ. Pollut., 266, 115103 (2020)
Moogi S, Jae J, Kannapu HPR, Ahmed A, Park ED, Park YK, Bioresour. Technol., 315, 123835 (2020)
Chowdhury T, Chowdhury H, Hossain N, Ahmed A, Hossen MS, Chowdhury P, Thirugnanasambandam M, Saidur R, J. Clean Prod., 272, 122818 (2020)
Ahmed A, Abu Bakar MS, Sukri RS, Hussain M, Farooq A, Moogi S, Park YK, Energy Conv. Manag., 42, 556 (2020)
Abu Bakar MS, Ahmed A, Jeffery DM, Hidayat S, Sukri RS, Mahlia TMI, Jamil F, Khurrum MS, Inayat A, Moogi S, Park YK, Bioresour. Technol., 318, 123913 (2020)
Ragauskas AJ, Williams CK, Davison BH, Britovsek G, Cairney J, et al., Science, 311, 484 (2006)
Narkhede N, Singh S, Patel A, Green Chem., 17, 89 (2015)
Math MC, Kumar SP, Chetty SV, Energy Sustain. Dev., 14, 339 (2010)
Zabeti M, Daud WMAW, Aroua MK, Fuel Process. Technol., 90(6), 770 (2009)
Borges ME, Diaz L, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 16, 2839 (2012)
Yaakob Z, Mohammad M, Alherbawi M, Alam Z, Sopian K, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 18, 184 (2013)
Talebian-Kiakalaieh A, Amin NAS, Mazaheri H, Appl. Energy, 104, 683 (2013)
Lam MK, Lee KT, Mohamed AR, Biotechnol. Adv., 28, 500 (2010)
Misono M, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 29, 269 (1987)
Kozhevnikov IV, Catal. Rev., 37, 311 (1995)
Baroi C, Dalai AK, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53(49), 18611 (2014)
Santos JS, Dias JA, Dias SCL, Garcia FAC, Macedo JL, Sousa FSG, Almeida LS, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 394(1-2), 138 (2011)
Yoshinaga Y, Suzuki T, Yoshimune M, Okuhara T, Top. Catal., 19, 179 (2002)
Kozhevnikov IV, Sinnema A, Jansen RJJ, Pamin K, van Bekkum H, Catal. Lett., 30, 241 (1994)
Ghanbari-Siahkali A, Philippou A, Dwyer J, Anderson MW, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 192(1), 57 (2000)
Marme F, Coudurier G, Vedrine JC, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 22, 151 (1998)
Wang J, Lin Z, Han SY, Eum M, Lee CW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 9(3), 281 (2003)
Dacquin J, Lee AF, Wilson K, Green Chem., 12, 296 (2009)
Kim TW, Kleitz F, Paul B, Ryoo R, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(20), 7601 (2005)
Oveisi H, Anand C, Mano A, Al-Deyab SS, Kalita P, Beitollahi A, Vinu A, J. Mater. Chem., 20, 10120 (2010)
Moogi S, Lee IG, Hwang KG, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 45, 28462 (2020)
Shao GN, Sheikh R, Hilonga A, Lee JE, Park YH, Kim HT, Chem. Eng. J., 212, 600 (2013)
Gopinath S, Kumar PSM, Arafath KAY, Thiruvengadaravi KV, Sivanesan S, Baskaralingam P, Fuel, 203, 488 (2017)
Blasco T, Corma A, Martinez A, Martinez-Escolano P, J. Catal., 177(2), 306 (1998)
Lam MK, Lee KT, Mohamed AR, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 93(1-2), 134 (2009)
Soni K, Rana BS, Sinha AK, Bhaumik A, Nandi M, Kumar M, Dhar GM, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 90(1-2), 55 (2009)
Lapkin A, Bozkaya B, Mays T, Borello L, Edler K, Crittenden B, Catal. Today, 81(4), 611 (2003)
Liu QY, Wu WL, Wang J, Ren XQ, Wang YR, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 76, 51 (2004)
Navarrete J, Lopez T, Gomez R, Figueras F, Langmuir, 12(18), 4385 (1996)
Noda LK, de Almeida RM, Probst LFD, Goncalves NS, J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem., 225(1), 39 (2005)
Alcaniz-Monge J, Trautwein G, Marco-Lozar JP, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 468, 432 (2013)
Yan K, Wu G, Wen J, Chen A, Catal. Commun., 34, 58 (2013)
Jose da Silva M, Cardoso AL, J. Catal., 36, 169 (2013)
