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Conflict of Interest: In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Publication history: Received March 15, 2022
Accepted May 18, 2022

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Construction of g/C3N4-ZnO composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for degradation of amoxicillin

Shuhan Sun¹ Shiling Li¹ Yibing Hao¹ Xiao Yang² Xiaomin Dou^{1 3†}

¹Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China ²Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China ³Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

douxiaomin@bjfu.edu.cn

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, December 2022, 39(12), 3377-3388(12), 10.1007/s11814-022-1181-5

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Abstract

g/C3N4-ZnO composite catalysts were synthesized through surface hybridization of the delocalized conjugated-π structure of g/C3N4 with the closely contacted surface of ZnO via a successive and simultaneous calcination procedure, and two kinds of photocatalysts, g/C3N4-ZnO1 and g/C3N4-ZnO2, were obtained. Heterojunctions were formed between the two components, which promote the separation of photogenerated carriers efficiently, and then enhanced the degradation of 100mg/L of AMX. The degradation rate of g/C3N4-ZnO1 was 1.54, 11.33, and 2.52-fold that of g/C3N4-ZnO2, g/C3N4, and ZnO, respectively, at a 3.5-h reaction period, with the dosage of 0.3 g/L, and solution pH at 7.0±0.2. The recycle and reuse ability was excellent and 90.5% of AMX mitigation was achieved in the fifth cycle. For g/C3N4-ZnO1, electrons migrated from the conduction band of g/C3N4 to that of ZnO via the heterojunction. ·OH and h+ were the main active species for AMX degradation, compared to ·O2 - dominated for g/C3N4. Twelve intermediate products were identified, and two degradation pathways were inferred for g/C3N4-ZnO1 and g/C3N4- ZnO2, respectively. Finally, transformation products without lactam rings were achieved, which lost most of the antibacterial potencies, and the ecotoxicity was also dramatically decreased as indicated by the ECOSAR program.

Keywords

Amoxicillin Antibiotics g/C3N4 Catalyst Photocatalysis

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