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Received April 16, 2021
Accepted October 19, 2021
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A comparative study on the performance of highly conductive sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) PEM modified by halloysite nanotubes, sulfonated polystyrene and phosphotungstic acid
1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran 2Advanced Membrane Technology Research Lab, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran 3Faculty of Engineering Modern Technologies, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, February 2022, 39(2), 353-366(14), 10.1007/s11814-021-0990-2
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Abstract
Proton transfer is the most important task of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for application in fuel cells. One vital disadvantage of currently used commercial Nafion membranes is the low proton conductivity at high temperatures. Therefore, the objective of this research was to increase the proton conductivity of PEMs based on sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). Herein, modification of SPEEK-based PEM was carried out using polydopamine- coated halloysite nanotubes (HNT) alone and in combination with sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) and phosphotungstic acid (PWA). In this method, poly (ether ether ketone) sulfonation process was performed under optimum operating conditions to create more sulfonic acid groups on its chains. Here, polydopamine was doped on the outer surface of HNT (DHNT) and employed as the additive to create additional proton transferring pathways in the membrane. The hydrophilicity of the modified nanotube was enhanced through silanization (named as DHNTS). Moreover, SPS and PWA were applied to improve the ability of protons to transfer through the proton barrier channels in the membrane. Performing the sulfonation of polystyrene in the solution phase was a novel approach in this study, which led to significant increase in the degree of sulfonation. The results showed that the SPEEK/DHNTS|SPS and SPEEK/DHNTS|PWA membranes in the presence of 15% weight ratio additives and 100% relative humidity exhibited 109% and 90% higher proton conductivity than the neat SPEEK membrane, respectively. Furthermore, 20% and 10% higher proton conductivity was observed for the aforementioned membranes compared to the commercial Nafion117 membrane. Because of the strong acid-base bonding between DHNTS and SPEEK and the sticky nature of polydopamine, the chemical stability of the modified PEMs was higher than the neat membrane. In terms of fuel cell performance, there was little difference between Nafion117 membrane and DHNTS-modified PEM. These modified membranes are therefore suitable alternatives to address the commercial Nafion membrane…s gap in the fuel cells.
Keywords
References
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Shi W, Baker LA, RSC Adv., 5, 99284 (2015)
Bano S, Negi YS, Ramya K, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 44(54), 28968 (2019)
Parnian MJ, Gashoul F, Rowshanzamir S, Iranian J. Hydrog. & Fuel Cell, 3, 221 (2017).
Rana D, Mandal BM, Bhattacharyya SN, Polymer, 37(12), 2439 (1996)
Rana D, Bag K, Bhattacharyya SN, Mandal BM, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 38(3), 369 (2000)
Liu X, He SJ, Song G, Jia HN, Shi ZZ, Liu SX, Zhang LQ, Lin J, Nazarenko S, J. Membr. Sci., 504, 206 (2016)
Zhang HQ, Ma CM, Wang JT, Wang XY, Bai HJ, Liu JD, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 39(2), 974 (2014)
Zeng J, Jiang SP, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 11854 (2011)
Melo L, Benavides R, Martinez G, Morales-Acosta D, Paula MMS, Da Silva L, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 42(34), 21880 (2017)
Gong CL, Zheng X, Liu H, Wang GJ, Cheng F, Zheng GW, Wen S, Law WC, Tsui CP, Tang CY, J. Power Sources, 325, 453 (2016)
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Salarizadeh P, Javanbakht M, Pourmahdian S, Solid State Ion., 281, 12 (2015)
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Parnian MJ, Rowshanzamir S, Gashoul F, Energy, 125, 614 (2017)
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Bekri-Abbes I, Bayoudh S, Baklouti M, Papon E, LeClercq D, Prog. Rubber. Plast. Re., 22, 179 (2006)
Du L, Yan XM, He GH, Wu XM, Hu ZW, Wang YD, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 37(16), 11853 (2012)
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Chen PP, Hao L, Wu WJ, Li YF, Wang JT, Electrochim. Acta, 212, 426 (2016)
He S, Dai W, Yang W, Liu S, Bain X, Zhang C, Lin J, Polym. Test, 73, 242 (2019)
Ayaz S, Yu HY, Polym. Test, 93, 106941 (2021)
Parnian MJ, Rowshanzamir S, Prasad AK, Advani SG, J. Membr. Sci., 556, 12 (2018)
Janik MJ, Davis RJ, Neurock M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(14), 5238 (2005)
Zhang B, Cao Y, Li Z, Wu H, Yin YH, Cao L, He XY, Jiang ZY, Electrochim. Acta, 240, 186 (2017)
Wang JT, Bai HJ, Zhang HQ, Zhao LP, Chen HL, Li YF, Electrochim. Acta, 152, 443 (2015)
Chen J, Guo Q, Tong DLJ, Li X, Prog. Nat. Sci., 22, 26 (2012)
Ji Y, Tay ZY, Li SFY, J. Membr. Sci., 539, 197 (2017)
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Roy T, Wanchoo SK, Pal K, Solid State Ion., 349, 115296 (2020)
Rana D, Mandal BM, Bhattacharyya SN, Macromolecules, 29(5), 1579 (1996)
Rana D, Mandal BM, Bhattacharyya SN, Polymer, 34(7), 1454 (1993)
Kim AR, Vinothkannan M, Yoo DJ, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 42(7), 4349 (2017)
YuSafronova E, Golubenko DV, Shevlyakova NV, D'yakova MG, Tverskoi VA, Dammak L, Grande D, Yaroslavtsev AB, J. Membr. Sci., 515, 196 (2016)
Ressam I, El Kadib A, Lahcini M, Luinstra GA, Perrot H, Sel O, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 43(40), 18578 (2018)
