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Received September 8, 2021
Accepted January 13, 2022
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
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Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil employing natural bentonite supported heterogeneous catalyst: Waste to biodiesel
Abdul Naeem†
Shah Zaman†
Muhammad Farooq†
Ihtisham Wali Khan
Zahid Ali Ghazi
Tooba Saeed
Muhammad Hamayun1
National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar Pakistan 1Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, June 2022, 39(6), 1450-1459(10), 10.1007/s11814-022-1068-5
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Abstract
This work describes the practicability of utilizing bentonite clay as a cheap and raw support for heterogeneous catalyst development. In the current research, ammonium persulfate (APS) impregnated bentonite heterogeneous catalyst was designed for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. The fabricated catalyst was analyzed by various instrumental techniques (FTIR, TGA, BET, SEM, XRD, and EDX) to study its various physiochemical properties. It was identified that the clay supported heterogeneous catalyst executed an excellent activity for waste cooking oil conversion as providing maximum biodiesel yield of 93% at optimal reaction conditions (reaction temperature 75℃, oil/methanol molar ratio, 1 : 10; catalyst amount, 2.5 wt%; stirring rate, 600-rpm in 3.5 hr reaction time). Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis confirms the successful conversion to biodiesel. Similarly, the various physiochemical characteristics of the synthesized biodiesel meet the international standard of American (ASTM6751) and European Union (EU-14214). Moreover, the designed acid catalyst showed catalytic activity for up to eight consecutive runs demonstrate its good reusability.
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Farooq M, Ramli A, Naeem A, Renew. Energy, 76, 362 (2015)
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Liu JZ, Cui Q, Kang YF, Meng Y, Gao MZ, Efferth T, Fu YJ, Renew. Energy, 133, 261 (2019)
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Kafuku G, Mbarawa M, Appl. Energy, 87, 2561 (2010)
Malhotra R, Ali A, Renew. Energy, 133, 606 (2019)
Khan IW, Naeem A, Farooq M, Ghazi ZA, Saeed T, Energy Conv. Manag., 231, 113854 (2021)
Farooq M, Ramli A, Naeem A, Mahmood T, Ahmad S, Humayun M, Islam MGU, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 132, 644 (2018)
