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Received August 16, 2022
Revised November 19, 2022
Accepted November 23, 2022
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Rhodamine B dye degradation by fabricated Ti/RuO2 anode: Optimization by RSM, reaction mechanism, study of sludge
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
shishir@ch.iitr.ac.in
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, September 2023, 40(9), 2219-223(-1995), 10.1007/s11814-022-1355-1
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Abstract
Textile wastewater was treated by an electrochemical process using Ti/RuO2 as anode and stainless steel as a
cathode. Textile wastewater contains harmful dyes that can be broken down into simpler products like CO2 and H2O
using the electro-oxidation process. For this process, a dimensional stable anode (Ti/RuO2) was fabricated using sol-gel
method. Apreo field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersed x-ray (EDX), atomic
force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been done to study their characteristics. Design expert software
was used to optimize the parameters using response surface methodology. Response parameters such as pH (2-10),
current (0.5-2 A), initial concentration (50-200 mg/L), and time (2-15 min) were varied, and 30 sets of experiments
were designed. The optimized value obtained for maximizing the dye degradation percentage and COD removal percentage is at initial pH of 3.3, current of 0.5 A, initial concentration of 50 mg/L, and time of 9.4 min for dye degradation of 99.82%, COD removal of 82.50% removal, and 1.81 kWh/m3
energy consumption (minimum) keeping 0.2 M
NaCl electrolyte as constant. Kinetic study shows that the reaction is first order. The mechanism of the process was also
studied using UPLC-QTOF. The total cost of the process was found to be ₹582.79 or $7.68. Characterization of the
sludge was also done to check its reusability
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17. A. J. Terezo and E. CPereira, Mater. Lett., 53 339 (2002).
18. A. Majedi, A. Abbasi and F. Davar, J. Sol Gel Sci. Technol., 77, 543 (2016).
19. S. Varala, V. Ravisankar, M. Al-Ali, M. I. Pownceby, R. Parthasarathy and S. K. Bhargava, Chemosphere, 237, 124488 (2019).
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34. R. G. Freitas, L. F. Marchesi, R. T. S. Oliveira, F. I. Mattos-Costa, E. C. Pereira, L. O. S. Bulhões and M. C. Santos, J. Power Sources, 171, 2 (2007).
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37. K. Rokosz, T. Hryniewicz and S. Raaen, Tehnicki Vjesnik, 22, 1 (2015).
38. E. A. Paoli, F. Masini, R. Frydendal, D. Deiana, C. Schlaup, M. Malizia, T. W. Hansen, S. Horch, I. E. L. Stephens and I. Chorkendorff,Chem. Sci., 6, 190 (2015).
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41. J. J. Pietron, M. B. Pomfret, C. N. Chervin, J. W. Long and D. R.Rolison, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 5197 (2012).
42. J. Zhou, T. Wang, C. Cheng, F. Pan, Y. Zhu, H. Ma and J. Niu,Nanoscale, 14, 3579 (2022).
43. A. Kumar and B. Prasad, Sep. Purif. Technol., 279, 119677 (2021).
44. J. Zhou, T. Wang, C. Cheng, F. Pan, Y. Zhu, H. Ma and J. Niu,Nanoscale, 14, 9 (2022).
45. M. Ahmadi, F. Vahabzadeh, B. Bonakdarpour, E. Mofarrah and M. Mehranian, J. Hazard. Mater., 123, 18795 (2005).
46. P. A. J. Rosa, A. M. Azevedo and M. R. Aires-Barros, J. Chromatogr.A, 1141, 1 (2007).
47. Y. Hang, M. Qu and S. Ukkusuri, Energy Build., 43, 4 (2011).
48. R. Ghelich, M. R. Jahannama, H. Abdizadeh, F. S. Torknik and M. R.Vaezi, Compos. Part B: Eng., 166, 527 (2019).
49. M. Kumari and S. K. Gupta, Sci. Rep., 9 (2019).
50. D. S. Ken and A. Sinha, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 1 (2021).
51. G. Villafane V. Bazán, E. Brandalez, A. López, P. Pacheco and A.Maratta, Talanta Open, 6, 100149 (2022).
52. M. Tripathi, A. Bhatnagar, N. M. Mubarak, J. N. Sahu and P. Ganesan, Fuel, 277, 118184 (2020).
53. R. E. Palma-Goyes, F. L. Guzmán-Duque, G. Peñuela, I. González,J. L. Nava and R. A. Torres-Palma, Chemosphere, 81, 1 (2010).
54. H. Ma, B. Wang and X. Luo, J. Hazard. Mater., 149, 2 (2007).
55. E. Chatzisymeon, N. P. Xekoukoulotakis, A. Coz, N. Kalogerakis and D. Mantzavinos, J. Hazard. Mater., 137, 2 (2006).
56. D. Ozturk, E. Dagdas, B. Ali Fil and M. J. K. Bashir, Environ. Technol. Innov., 21, 101264 (2021).
57. A. Sánchez-Sánchez, M. Tejocote-Pérez, R. M. Fuentes-Rivas, I.Linares-Hernández, V. Martínez-Miranda and R. M. G. FonsecaMontes de Oca, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2018 (2018).
58. S. Singh, V. Kumar, N. Upadhyay and J. Singh, J. Environ. Chem.Eng., 4, 3 (2016).
59. B. K. Körbahti, K. Artut, C. Geçgel and A. Özer, Chem. Eng. J., 173,3 (2011).
60. H. Khan, F. Wahab, S. Hussain, S. Khan and M. Rashid, Chemosphere, 291, 132818 (2022).
61. L. Feng, J. Liu, Z. Guo, T. Pan, J. Wu, X. Li, B. Liu and H. Zheng,Sep. Purif. Technol., 285, 120314 (2022).
62. H. S. Awad and N. A. Galwa, Chemosphere, 61, 9 (2005).
63. R. Kaur, J. P. Kushwaha and N. Singh, Sci. Total Environ., 677, 4 (2019).
64. A. A. Elbatea, A. Nosier, A. A. Zatout, I. Hassan, G. H. Sedahmed,M. H. Abdel-Aziz and M. A. El-Naggar, J. Water Process Eng., 41,102042 (2021).
65. P. Asaithambi, M. B. Yesuf, R. Govindarajan, N. M. Hariharan, P.Thangavelu and E. Alemayehu, Sep. Purif. Technol., 233, 115935 (2019).
66. F. Ghanbari and M. Mahsa, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 3, 1 (2015).
67. R. Patidar and V. C. Srivastava, Chem. Eng. J., 403, 125736 (2020).
68. A.E. Kuleyin, A. Gok and F. Akbal, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 104782 (2021).
69. S. Hussain, H. Khan, N. Khan, S. Gul, F. Wahab, K. I. Khan, S.Zeb, S. Khan, A. Baddouh, S. Mehdi, A. F. Maldonado and M.Campos, Environ. Technol. Innov., 22, 101509 (2021).
70. R. G. Rice, J. Int. Ozone Assoc., 21, 2 (2008).
71. K. E. O’Shea and D. D. Dionysiou, Phys. Chem. Lett., 3, 15 (2012).
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