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- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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Received July 17, 2024
Accepted August 22, 2024
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
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Optimization of Biodiesel Yield and Cost Analysis from Waste Cooking Oil Using Box–Behnken Design with TiO 2 –ZnO-Based Nano-catalyst
Abstract
The present work deals with the optimization of waste cooking oil biodiesel yield (WCOBD) and its preparation cost with
the help of Box–Behnken design (BBD) using response surface methodology (RSM) in design expert software. Initially,
TiO 2 –ZnO (nanocatalyst) was prepared with the help of the sol–gel method and ratio of TiO 2 –ZnO was optimized by single
parameter study. The doping of ZnO over TiO 2 surface was studied by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDAX analysis. ANOVA
suggests the quadratic model is closely fi tted for both biodiesel yield and biodiesel cost. The value of adjusted and predicted
R 2 was found to be 0.9309 and 0.8465 for biodiesel yield. While the value of adjusted and predicted R 2 was found to be
0.9313 and 0.8472 for biodiesel cost. The maximum actual and predicted yield of 88% was obtained at catalyst dose: 2.5 g/l;
methanol: 50 ml; waste cooking oil (WCO): 50 ml; time: 120 min, and temperature: 65 °C. The % error between actual and
predicted biodiesel varies in the range of −7.90–7.19%. The minimum actual and predicted WCOBD cost was found to be
INR 47.29/l and INR 44.68/l with % error in the range of −19.56–13.87% at catalyst dose: 2.5 g/l; methanol: 25 ml; waste
cooking oil (WCO): 75 ml; time: 120 min, and temperature: 65 °C, respectively. Overall, the model used to predict the waste
cooking oil biodiesel yield, and its cost is closely fi tted with the actual result.
