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- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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Received October 31, 2023
Accepted February 21, 2024
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
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Comparative Analysis of Characteristics Based on Three Processes of Kenaf Solid Fuel: Hydrothermal Carbonization, Torrefaction, and Low Ash Torrefaction
Abstract
This study compared kenaf-based solid fuel characteristics using three processes: hydrothermal carbonization (HTC),
torrefaction (TOR), and low-ash TOR, (LA_TOR). Solid fuels were produced by conducting the ash removal process at
50 °C for 60 min in an autoclave, followed by HTC or TOR at various temperatures (160, 200, 240, 280, and 320 °C) for
60 min. The resulting products' chemical compositions and fuel properties were then compared. The study found that under
HTC at 320 °C, the product had the highest carbon content compared with the products from TOR and LA_TOR at 320 °C.
Thus, HTC produced the highest-quality solid fuel of the three methods. However, this process showed a low energy yield
and signifi cant energy loss. In contrast, LA_TOR exhibited a high energy yield, low energy loss, and eff ectively reduced
the ash content of the product. This demonstrates its suitability for industrial-scale applications that demand fuel with low
ash content and energy loss.
