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- Language
- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
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Received April 30, 2024
Accepted August 24, 2024
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Fluorescence imaging fi nds extensive application in cellular and small animal studies due to its superior temporal and
spatial resolution. However, fl uorescence imaging using visible light faces limitations such as shallow tissue penetration,
phototoxicity from excitation sources, and compromised detection sensitivity owing to background autofl uorescence
interference. To address these issues, researchers have explored longer wavelength light, particularly near-infrared-I (NIRI)
in the 700–900 nm range. Moreover, there is growing interest in exploiting NIR-II light, which spans the 1000–1700 nm
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is minimized, thus enabling deeper tissue penetration of up to ~ 10 mm, along with reduced tissue autofl uorescence. This
facilitates high-sensitivity and high-resolution fl uorescence imaging. The present review highlights inorganic nanoparticlebased
imaging probes characterized by exceptional photostability and easily tunable emission wavelengths, including
quantum dots and lanthanide nanoparticles. Specifi cally, recent advancements in improving the luminescence effi ciency of
NIR-II quantum dots and lanthanide nanoparticles, tuning the emission wavelengths to longer ranges, and designing stimuliresponsive
mechanisms for precise targeted imaging are discussed.