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인공토양으로부터 토양증기추출법에 의한 유기화합물의 탈착 현상에 관한 연구
Desorption of Organic Compounds from the Simulated Soils by Soil Vapor Extraction
HWAHAK KONGHAK, February 1999, 37(1), 87-96(10), NONE
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Abstract
토양오염 정화방법의 하나인 토양증기추출법(soil vapor extraction, SVE)은 오염된 토양에 진공 또는 가압의 공기를 공급하여 연속적인 공기 흐름을 유도함으로써 토양의 기동에 잔류하는 유해화합물의 증발을 촉진하여 오염물질을 제거하는 공정이다. 본 연구에서는 토양증기추출법의 효율에 영향을 주는 인자들 가운데에서 토양의 수분함량과 오염물질 및 인공토양의 종류가 오염물질의 제거 특성에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험과 계산을 수행하였다. 인공토양으로 glass bead, sand, molecular sieve가 사용되었으며, 오염물질로는 톨루엔, 메틸에틸케톤, 트리클로로에틸렌이 사용되었다. 각 실험에 대하여 Freundlich 등온식(S=KCN)과 기공확산모델 등을 고려하여 계산을 수행하였다. 연구 결과에 의하면 토양과 유기화합물의 탈착 관계식이 유기화합물의 잔존농도에 따라 달라졌다. 본 연구에서 적용한 인공토양과 유기화합물의 흡착관계식에서 초기에는 N=1이었으나, 오염물질의 농도가 낮아진 후에는 N<1로 변화하였다 그리고, 수분을 포함하고 있는 경우, K값을 변수로 하였을 때 탈착이 진행됨에 따라 탈착식의 K값이 증가하는 방향으로 탈착곡선이 전이되었다. 그리고, 오염물질인 유기화합물의 헨뤼상수가 작고 물에 대한 용해도가 클수록, 인공토양의 기공부피와 표면적이 클수록 Freundlich 평형계수 K가 커짐을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 정화대상지역에 토양증기추출법을 이용한 적절한 정화방법을 설계하는데 기초자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is known to be an effective process to remove the contaminants from the soils, which enhances the vaporization of organic compounds by using forced vapor flows or applying vacuum through soils. Experiments and calculations are carried out to investigate the effects of the organic contaminants, types of soils, and water contents on the removal efficiency with operating time. In the study, simulated soils include the glass bead which has no micropore, sand, and molecular sieve which has a large volume of micropores. As model organic pollutants, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, and trichloroethylene are selected. Modelling is carried out considering Freundlich isotherm (S=KCN) and pore diffusion model. Result shows that the rates of desorption of organic compounds from the soils are dependent on the concentration of organics residues in soils. At the initial stage, the N value approaches to one. However, this value decreases with the process of desorption process. In addition, when soils contain the water, the K value in the expression of Freundlich isotherm increases for the desorption process. It is also found that the K value increases when Henry's constant of organic compound decreases, the solubility increases, and the pore volume or surface area of simulated soil increases. The results could provide a basis for the design of SVE process.
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Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM, "Environmental Organic Chemistry," John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY (1993)
Karickhoff SW, Chemosphere, 10, 833 (1981)
Schellenberg K, Leuenberger C, Schwarzenbach RP, Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 652 (1984)
Arocha MA, Jackman AP, Mccoy BJ, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(5), 1500 (1996)
Biswas N, Zytner RG, Bewtra JK, Water Environ. Res., 64(2), 170 (1992)
Farrell J, Reinhard M, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28(1), 53 (1994)
Farrell J, Reinhard M, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28(1), 63 (1994)
Lord AE, Sansone LH, Koerner RM, Brugger JE, "Proceedings, 17th Annual Conference on Land Disposal, Remedial Action and Treatment of Hazardous Waste," USEPA, Cincinnati, OH, 38 (1991)
Hunt JR, Sitar N, Udell KS, Water Resources Res., 24(8), 1247 (1988)
Hunt JR, Sitar N, Udell KS, Water Resources Res., 24, 1259 (1988)
Johnson PC, Stanley CC, Kemblowski MW, Byers DL, Colthart JD, Groundwater Monitoring Rev., 10(2), 159 (1990)
Johnson PC, Kemblowski MW, Colthart JD, Ground Water, 28(3), 413 (1990)
Spurlock FC, Huang K, Genuchten MTV, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29(4), 1000 (1995)
Werth CJ, Reinhard M, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(3), 697 (1997)
Lee B, M.S. Dissertation, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea (1997)
Harner T, Mackay D, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1599 (1995)
Mackay D, Shiu WY, Sutherland RP, Environ. Sci. Technol., 13, 333 (1979)
Wilson DJ, Clarke AN, "Hazardous Waste Site Soil Remediation," Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY (1994)