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통계적 방법을 이용한 환경오염 평가방법
Evaluation of Environmental Impact by a Statistical Approach
HWAHAK KONGHAK, April 1999, 37(2), 165-170(6), NONE
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Abstract
어떤 지역의 오염정도를 파악하기 위하여 일반적으로 시료를 채취, 분석하여 그 결과를 환경기준값과 비교하는 방법이 자주 사용되고 있다. 그러나, 분석 대상 지역이 매우 넓거나 불균일한 특성을 가지고 있을 경우 이러한 방법으로부터 잘못된 결과가 도출될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 단점을 극복하면서 유해화합물에 의한 환경오염 정도를 예측하는 방법을 제시하였다. 수집된 결과를 통계적으로 처리하여 평균과 표준편차를 구한 후 확률밀도함수를 도출하여 오염기준초과화률(pollution probability above the standard pollution level ; PPAS)을 구함으로써 대상지역의 상대적 오염도를 비교하는 방법과 오염물질의 독성정도 변화를 추정하기 위해서 독성등가인자(toxicity equivalence factor; TEF)을 사용하는 방법을 제시하였다. 사례연구로서 유류로 오염된 조간대 지역에서 167개의 퇴적물 시료를 채취하여 각 시료에 대하여 미국 EPA에서 제시한 방법을 사용하여 16종의 다환방향족탄화수소(polyaromatic hydrocarbon; PAH)성분의 농도를 분석하고, 본 연구에서 제시된 방법을 이용하여 그 결과를 해석하였다. 본 연구에서 PAH 전체농도와 PAH 각 성분농도에 대하여 Notional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA), Florida Department of Environmental Regulation(FDEP)등에 의해 제안된 기준농도를 초과하는 확률을 계산하였다. 이로부터 유류오염 지역에서 전형적인 오염인자로서 16가지 성분 가운데 아세나프텐(acenaphthene)과 벤조(a)안트라센(benzo(a)anthracene)을 지표성분으로 도출하였다. 또한 각 지역의 오염 정도를 각 PAH 성분들의 TEF를 고려하여 한 성분의 농도로 나타낼 수 있었으며, 이를 사용하여 오염기준초과확률을 구하였을 때 TEF를 사용하지 않은 경우와 경향이 유사하였다. 이러한 방법론은 석유화학 공장 또는 매립지에서의 토양오염 분포도 작성, 또는 휘발성 유기화합물의 배출에 의한 환경영향평가 등과 같이 그 대상지역이 넓거나, 분석대상 매체수가 많은 경우의 환경위해성평가 기법에도 응용될 수 있다.
Frequently, environmental samples are collected and analyzed in order to investigate the extent of pollution. The resulting concentrations of pollutants at various sites are compared with the standard concentration levels in order to determine compliance with environmental regulations. These methods, however, have drawbacks when the area polluted is very large or contains heterogeneous structures. In the study, a methodology is proposed which is based on the extent of pollution by hazardous chemicals. The method involved a statistical approach in order to obtain the probability density function, geometric standard deviation and the geometric mean for the collected data. As a case study, an oil-spilled coastal area was selected and 167 sediment samples were collected from the intertidal zone. 16 different polyaromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed fur each sample. In addition, toxicity equivalence factors(TEFs) for 7 PAHs were used for estimating the pollution level. In the work, pollution probability above the standard pollution level suggested by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) and florida Department of Environmental Regulation(FDEP) were calculated based on the total PAH concentrations and the concentration of each PAM component. Results showed that acenaphthene and benzo(a)anthracene could be two representative components among 16 PAHs for the typical pollution index in he oil-spilled coastal region. The extents of pollution in sites could be classified by the one toxic concentration converted with TEFs of each PAH. The method suggested in this study could apply for the preparation of soil Pollution map or assessment of environmental impat by toxic release in a chemical plant or landfill area.
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References
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