태양광전지는 빛에너지를 전기에너지로 직접 변환시켜 주는 소자이다. 이들은 다양한 종류의 재료로 만들어지고 있고 현재 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 재료는 단결정 Si이다. 그러나 단결정 Si 태양광전지는 제조단가를 더 이상 낮출 수 없는 문제와 생산 및 응용에 부적합한 근본적인 문제들이 있어 최근 들어서는 박막 형태의 태양광전지의 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 박막형태의 태양광전지 제조 기술의 현황에 대해 살펴보고 또한 박막 태양광전지의 향후 전망에 대해 서술하였다.

Photovoltaic devices directly convert solar energy into electrical energy. These devices are currently fabricated by using a variety of materials, among which the single-crystalline Si is most widely used. The single-crystalline Si solar cells, however, have inherent drawbacks and limitations, in which substantial cost reductions are required for large scale applications, and difficulties remain in new product development such as flexible solar cells. An alternative approach to overcome these limits of crystalline Si solar cells is to develop thin film solar cells. This paper addresses the current status of thin film photovoltaic technology and provides the outlook of future solar cells.

Photovoltaics Flexible Solar Cell Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Technology Tandem Cell Thin Film Solar Cell

Becquerel AE, Comt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 9, 561 (1839)
Chapin DM, Fuller CS, Pearson CS, Appl. J. Phys., 25, 676 (1954) 
Green MA, Silicon Solar Cells: Advanced Principles and Practice, Bridge Printery, Sidney (1995)
Zallen R, The Physics of Amorphous Solids, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1983)
Seo IS, Park CG, Kim KH, Kwon YI, Park YS, "Solar Cell," Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, 18-19 (2002)
Chittick RC, Alexander JH, Sterling HF, J. Electrochem. Soc., 116, 93 (1969)
Lewis A, Connell GAN, Paul W, Pawlik UJR, Temkin RJ, Proc. Conf. on Tetrahedrally-Bonded Amorphous Semiconductors, AIP, New York, 27 (1974)
Spear WE, Lecomber PG, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 8-10, 727 (1972) 
Spear WE, Lecomber PG, Solid State Commun., 17, 1193 (1975) 
Spear WE, Lecomber PG, Phil. Mag., 33, 935 (1976)
Carlson DE, Wronski CR, Appl. Phys. Lett., 28, 671 (1976) 
Kazmerski LL, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 1, 119 (1997)
Xi J, Liu T, Iafelice V, Nugent M, Si K, del Cueto J, Ghosh M, Kampas F, Conf. Rec. 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Louisville, USA., 821 (1993)
Fujikaka S, Ohta H, Asano A, Ichikawa Y, Sakai H, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 258, 875 (1992)
Curry R, Ed. Photovoltaic Insider's Report, XII(5) (1993)
Okamoto S, Maruyama E, Terakawa A, Shinohara W, Nakano S, Hishikawa Y, Wakisaka K, Kiyama S, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 66(1-4), 85 (2001) 
Fraas LM, Current Topics in Photovoltaics. ed. Coutts, T.J. and Meakin, J.D., Academic Press., New York, 169-229 (1985)
MacMillan HF, Hamaker HC, Virshup GF, Werthen JG, Proc. 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., IEEE., New York., 48-52 (1988)
Emery K, (Private Communication)
Seo IS, Park CG, Kim KH, Kwon YI, Park YS, "Solar Cell," Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, 21 (2002)
Lawrence LK, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 1, 93 (1997)
Al-Massari MAS, Sol. Cells, 3, 653 (1985)
Lawrence LK, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 1, 94 (1997)
Manasevit HM, Appl. Phys. Lett., 12, 156 (1968) 
Manasevit HM, J. Cryst. Growth, 1, 55 (1981) 
Stringfellow GB, "Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy," Academic Press, New York (1989)
Timmons ML, Bedair SM, Markunas RJ, Hutchby JA, Proc. 16th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. IEEE, New York, 663-668 (1982)
Flores C, Proc. 16th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. IEEE, New York, 569-575 (1982)
Fan JCC, McClelland RW, King BD, Proc. 17th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. IEEE, New York, 31-35 (1984)
Fraas LM, Shin BK, Cape JA, Ransom RA, Sawyer DE, Proc. 16th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. IEEE, New York, 655-660 (1982)
Cho AY, "Molecular Beam Epitaxy," Progress in Solid-State Chemistry, ed. Somorjal, G. and Caldin, J., Pergamon Press., New York, 10, 157-191 (1975)
Loferski JJ, Appl. J. Phys., 27, 777 (1956) 
Prince MB, Appl. J. Phys., 26, 534 (1955) 
Wanlass MW, Coutts TJ, Ward JS, Emery KA, Gessert TA, Osterwald CR, Proc. 22nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. IEEE, New York, 38-45 (1992)
Wanlass M, Ward JS, Emery KA, Gessert TA, Osterwald CR, Coutts TJ, Sol. Cells, 30, 363 (1991) 
Ireland PJ, Wagner S, Kazmerski LL, Hulstrom RL, Science, 204, 534 (1979)
Fahrenbruch AL, Bube RH, "Fundamentals of Solar Cells," Academic Press, New York (1983)
Zweibel K, "Harnessing Solar Power-The Photovoltaic Challenge," Plenum Press, New York (1980)
Bube RH, "Photovoltaic Materials," Imperial College, London (1998)
Goetzberger A, Hebling C, Schock HW, Mater. Sci. Eng., 40, 36 (2003)
Rappaport P, RCA Rev., 20, 373 (1959)
Cusano D, Solid State Electron., 6, 217 (1963) 
Mitchell RW, "Evaluation of the CdS/CdTe Heterjunction Solar Cell," Garland Publ., Co., New York (1979)
Bube RH, Buch F, Fahrenbruch AL, Ma YY, Mitchell KW, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, ED24, 487 (1977)
Bube RH, Buch F, J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4365 (1977) 
Yamaguchi K, Matsumoto H, Nakayama N, Idegami S, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 15, 1575 (1976) 
Yamaguchi K, Matsumoto H, Nakayama N, Idegami S, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 16, 1203 (1977) 
Lawrence LK, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 1, 113 (1997)
Cunningham DW, Davies K, Grammond L, Healy J, Mopas E, O'Connor N, Rubcich M, Sadeghi W, Skinner D, Trumbly T, Proceedings of the 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, 281 (2000)
Wagner S, Shay JL, Migliorato P, Dasper HM, Appl. Phys. Lett., 25, 434 (1974) 
Zweibel K, Ullal HS, Mitchell RL, "The DOE/SERI Polycrystalline Thin Film Subcontract Program," Proc., 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., IEEE., New York, 1469-1476 (1988)
National Science Foundation, Research Applied to National Needs: Proc. Photovoltaics Conversion of Solar Energy for Terrestrial Application, Report NSF-RANN 74-103, Cherry Hill, NJ, Vol. I and II, NSF-RANN, Washington, DC (1975)
Sawyer D, Proc. NBS Workshop on Stability of Thin-Film Solar Cells and Materials, NBS Spec. Publ., 400-58, NBS., Gaithersburg., MD (1978)
Zweibel K, Ullal HS, Mitchell RL, Keavney CJ, Vernon SM, Haven VE, "The DOE/SERI Polycrystalline Thin Film Subcontract Program," 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., IEEE., New York, 1469-1476 (1988)
Mitchell K, Eberspacher C, Ermer J, Pier D, Keavney CJ, Vernon SM, Haven VE, "Single and Tandem Junction CuInSe2 Cell and Module Technology," Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., IEEE., New York, 1384-1389 (1988)
Noufi R, Proc. 14th NREL/SNL Photovoltaics Program Review Meeting, ed., Witt, C.E. and Al-Jassim, M., AIP., New York, in press (1997)
Kazmerski LL, White FR, Morgan GK, Appl. Phys. Lett., 46, 268 (1976)
Mitchell KC, Ermer EJ, Pier D, "Single and Tandem Juction CuInSe2 cell and Module Technology," in: Proceedings of the Conference Record on 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference., Las Vaegas., IEEE Press., Piscataway., 1384 (1988)
Malsch I, Ind. Phys., 9, 16 (2003)
Kazmerski LL, Ireland PJ, White FR, Cooper RB, Proc. 13th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. IEEE, New York, 620-623 (1978)
Kazmerski LL, "Ternary Compounds 1977," ed. G. Holah. Institute of Phys., London, 217-228 (1977)
Mickelsen RA, Chen WS, Appl. Phys. Lett., 30, 371 (1980) 
Ruckh M, Schmid D, Kaiser M, Schaffler R, Walter T, Schock HW, Proc. 24th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., IEEE., New York, 156-160, 144-149 (1995)
Bodegard M, Stolt L, Hedstrom J, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 34, 10 (1994)
Tuttle JR, Ward JS, Duda A, Berens TA, Contreras MA, Ramanathan KR, Tennant AL, Keance J, Cole ED, Emery K, Noufi R, Proc., 1996 Spring MRS Meeting. MRS, Pittsburgh, PA (1996)
Zweibel K, Ullal HS, Von Roedern B, "Progress and Issues in Polycrystalline Thin-Film PV Technologies," Proc. 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., IEEE., New York, 745-750 (1996)
Tuttle JR, Berens TA, Asher SE, Contreras MA, Ramanathan KR, Tennant AL, Bhattacharya R, Keane J, Noufi R, Proc. "13th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy," Conf., Stephens, H.S. and Assoc., Bedford, U.K., 213-214 (1995)
Lawrence LK, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 1, 109 (1997)
Gabor A, Tuttle J, Contreras M, Albin D, Franz A, Niles D, Noufi R, Proc. 12th EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Amsterdam, 939 (Stephens, H.S., Bedford, 1994) (1994)
Hedstrom J, Proc. 4th Contractors Meeting., JOULE II-EUROCIS II., Madrid., 3, unpublished (1993)
Hedstrom J, Chlsen H, Bodegard M, Kylner A, Stolt L, Hariskos D, Ruckh M, Schock HW, "ZnO/CdS/Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cells with Improved Performance," Conf. Rec., 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference., Louisville., USA., 364 (1993)
Tarrant D, Ermer J, "I-III-VI2 Multinary Solar Cells Based CuInSe2," Conf., Rec., 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference., Louisville., USA., 372 (1993)
Walter T, Ruckh M, Velthaus KO, Schock HW, Proc., 11th EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Montreux., CH., 124 (1992)
Walter T, Menner R, Koble C, Schock HW, Proc., 12th EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Amsterdam, NL., 1755 (1994)
Klenk R, Mauch R, Schaffler R, Schmid D, Schock HW, "Process in CuGaSe2 Based Thin Film Solar Cells," Conf., Rec., 22nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Las Vegas., U.S.A., 1071 (1991)
Robbins M, Philips JC, Lambrecht VG, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 34, 1205 (1973) 
Cohen MJ, Harris JS, Tech., Dig., Int., Electron Devices Meeting, 247 (1978)
Waldrop JR, Cohen MJ, Heeger AJ, MacDiarmid AG, Appl. Phys. Lett., 38, 53 (1981) 
Reucroft PJ, Takahashi K, Ullal H, Appl. Phys. Lett., 25, 664 (1974) 
Tang CW, Albrecht AC, Nature, 254, 507 (1975) 
Tang CW, Appl. Phys. Lett., 48, 183 (1896) 
Nunzi JM, "Organic Photovoltaic Materials and Device," 530 (2002)
Breeze AJ, Salomon A, Ginley DS, Gregg BA, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81(16), 3085 (2002) 
Samson A, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77(17), 2635 (2000) 
Munters T, Martens T, Goris L, Vrindts V, Manca J, Lutsen L, De Ceuninck W, Vanderzande D, De Schepper L, Gelan J, Sariciftci NS, Brabec CJ, Thin Solid Films, 403-404, 247 (2002)
Yakimov A, Forrest SR, "High Photovoltage Multiple-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Incorporating Interfacial Metallic Nanoclusters," American Institute of Phys., 1668 (2002)
Peumans P, Bulovic V, Forrest SR, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76(19), 2650 (2000) 
Shaheen SE, Brabec CJ, Sariciftci NS, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78(6), 841 (2001) 
Gebeyehu D, Maennig B, Drechcel J, Leo K, Pfeiffer M, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 79, 81 (2003) 
Tetsuya T, Masayuki C, Raghu NB, Yuji Y, Kazuhiro S, Kiyoshi Y, J. Phys. Chem., 108(1) (2004)
Gebetehu D, Pfeiffer N, Maennig B, Drechsel J, Werner A, Leo K, "Highly Efficient p-i-n Type Organic Photovoltaic Devices," Thin Solid Films (2003)
Drechcel J, Mannig B, Gebeyehu D, Pfeiffer M, Leo K, Hoppe H, "MIP-Type Organic Solar Cells Incorporating Phthalocy-Anine/fullerene Mixed Layers and Doped Wide-Gap Teansport Layers," Organic Electronics (2003)
Mcneill CR, Clifton-Smith MJ, Quinton JS, King BV, Hotta S, Dastoor PC, "The Photovoltaic Properties of Phenyl-capped Thiophene Oligomers," Current Applied Physics (2004)
Konagai M, Korea Vacuum Res. Assoc., 2, 53 (2001)
Goetzberger A, Solar Cells: Past, Present, Future, Proc. PVSEC 12, 5-10 (2001)