폐가스 처리용 바이오필터의 핵심 요소 기술은 생촉매(미생물), 담체, 설계·운전 기술 및 진단·관리 기술이다. 특히, 바이오필터의 성능은 부하 조건과 바이오필터 내 미생물 군집 구조에 의해 영향을 받는다. 지금까지 바이오필터의 미생물 연구는 대부분 배양법을 기초로 하여 수행되어 왔으나, 최근에 보다 신속하고 정확하게 미생물 군집을 분석할 수 있는 방법들이 제시되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 생리적, 생화학적 및 분자생물학적 미생물 군집 분석 방법과 이를 활용한 바이오필터의 미생물 군집 특성을 조사한 연구사례를 소개하고, 미생물 군집 분석법의 바이오필터에 적용 가능성에 대해 고찰하였다. Community-level physiological profile 방법은 시료 중에 포함된 종속영양미생물의 탄소기질 이용능력을 기반으로 군집 특성을 조사하는 것이며, Phospholipid fatty acid analysis는 미생물 세포막 지방산을 분석하여_x000D_ 군집 특성을 조사하는 방법이다. 환경시료로부터 직접 추출한 DNA를 활용하는 분자생물학적 분석법에는 “partial community DNA analysis”와 “whole community DNA analysis”가 있다. 전자의 방법은 PCR 과정에 의해 증폭시킨 염기서열을 분석하는 것으로 ribosomal operon 유전자가 가장 많이 활용되었다. 이 방법은 다시 PCR fragment cloning 및 genetic fingerprinting으로 구분되며, genetic fingerprinting 방법으로는 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, terminalrestriction fragment length polymorphism, ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis 및 random amplified polymorphic DNA 방법으로 세분화된다. 추출된 전체 군집의 DNA를 분석하는 방법에는 total genomic cross-DNA hybridization, 총 추출 DNA의 열 변성/재결합 방법 및 밀도구배를 이용하여 추출한 DNA를 분획화하는 방법 등이 있다.

There are four key factors for gas-phase biofilters; biocatalysts(microorganisms), packing materials, design/operating techniques, and diagnosis/management techniques. Biofilter performance is significantly affected by microbial community structures as well as loading conditions. The microbial studies on biofilters are mostly performed on basis of culture-dependent methods. Recently, advanced methods have been proposed to characterize the microbial community structure in environmental samples. In this study, the physiological, biochemical and molecular methods for profiling microbial communities are reviewed, and their applicability to biofilters is discussed. Community-level physiological profile is based on the utilization capability of carbon substrate by heterotrophic community in environmental samples. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis method is based on the variability of fatty acids present in cell membranes of different microorganisms. Molecular methods using DNA directly extracted from environmental samples can be divided into “partial community DNA analysis” and “whole community DNA analysis” approaches. The former approaches consist in the analysis of PCR-amplified sequence, the genes of ribosomal operon are the most commonly used sequences. These methods include PCR fragment cloning and genetic fingerprinting such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, and random amplified polymorphic DNA. The whole community DNA analysis methods are total genomic cross-DNA hybridization, thermal denaturation and reassociation of whole extracted DNA and extracted whole DNA fractionation using density gradient.

Community-Level Physiological Profile DNA-Based Methods Gas-Phase Biofilter Microbial Community Analysis Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis

Grommen R, Verstraete W, J. Biotechnol., 98, 113 (2002)
Devinny JS, Deshusses MA, Webster TS, “Biofiltration for Air Pollution Control,” Florida, Lewis Publishers (1999)
Adib F, Bagreev A, Bandosz TJ, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 216(2), 360 (1999)
Barona A, Elias A, Arias R, Cano I, Gonzalez R, Biochem. Eng. J., 22, 25 (2004)
Vergara-Fernandez A, Molina LL, Pulido NA, Aroca G, J. Environ. Manage., 84, 115 (2007)
Yanzekontchou C, Gschwind N, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 4297 (1994)
Mandelbaum RT, Allan DL, Wackett LP, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 1451 (1995)
Radosevich M, Traina SJ, Hao YL, Tuovinen OH, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 297 (1995)
Burgess JE, Parsons SA, Stuetz RM, Biotechnol. Adv., 19, 35 (2001)
van Groenestijn JW, Hesselink PGM, Biodegradation, 1, 191 (1993)
Wani AH, Branion RMR, Lau AK, J. Environ. Sci. Heal., 32, 2027 (1997)
Cho KS, Ryu HW, Lee NY, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 90(1), 25 (2000)
Cho KS, Hirai M, Shoda M, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 73, 46 (1992)
Chung YC, Huang CP, Tseng CP, Biotechnol. Prog., 13(6), 794 (1997)
Kim NJ, Sugano Y, Hirai M, Shoda M, Biotechnol. Lett., 22(16), 1295 (2000)
Lee EY, Cho KS, Ryu HW, Kor. J. Odor Res. Eng., 2, 46 (2003)
Lee EY, Cho KS, Han HD, Ryu HW, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 1782 (2002)
Lee EY, Cho KS, Ryu HW, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 99(6), 611 (2005)
Malhautier L, Gracian C, Roux JC, Fanlo JL, Cloirec PL, Chemoshere, 50, 145 (2003)
Oyarzun P, Arancibia F, Canales C, Aroca GE, Process Biochem., 39, 165 (2003)
Shinabe K, Oketani S, Ochi T, Matsumura M, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 80(6), 592 (1995)
Tiwaree RS, Cho KS, Hirai M, Shoda M, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 32, 135 (1992)
Wani AH, Richard MRB, Anthony KL, J. Hazard. Mater., 60, 287 (1998)
Yani M, Hirai M, Shoda M, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 85(5), 502 (1998)
Lee EY, Lee NY, Cho KS, Ryu HW, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 100, 309 (2006)
Delhomenie MC, Bibeau L, Bredin N, Roy S, Broussau S, Brzezinski R, Kugelmass JK, Heitz M, Adv. Environ. Res., 6, 239 (2002)
Jorio H, Kiared K, Brzezinski R, Leroux A, Viel G, Heitz M, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 73(3), 183 (1998)
Jorio H, Bibeau L, Heitz M, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1764 (2000)
Kam SK, Kang KH, Lee MG, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 15, 977 (2005)
Kim J, Ryu HW, Jung DJ, Lee TH, Cho KS, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 15, 1207 (2005)
Kwon HH, Lee EY, Cho KS, Ryu HW, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 13, 70 (2003)
Lee EY, Jun YS, Cho KS, Ryu HW, J. Air Was. Manage. Assoc., 52, 400 (2002)
Lu C, Lin MR, Lin WC, J. Air. Was. Manage. Assoc., 50, 411 (2000)
Rene ER, Murthy DVS, Swaminathan T, Process Biochem., 40, 2771 (2005)
Shim EH, Kim J, Cho KS, Ryu HW, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3089 (2006)
Singh RS, Agnihotri SS, Upadhyay SN, Bioresour. Technol., 97(18), 2296 (2006)
Zilli M, Del Borghi A, Converti A, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54, 248 (2005)
Ryu HW, Kim SJ, Cho KS, Lee TH, Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng., 13, 360 (2008)
Lee EH, Cho KS, Chemosphere, 71, 1738 (2008)
Cho KS, Yoo SK, Ryu HW, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 17, 1976 (2007)
Hirai M, Kamamoto M, Yani M, Shoda M, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 91(4), 428 (2001)
Maestre JP, Gamisans X, Gabriel D, Lafuente J, Chemosphere, 67, 684 (2007)
Lee TH, Kim J, Kim MJ, Ryu HW, Cho KS, Chemosphere, 63, 315 (2006)
van Lith C, Leson G, Michelsen R, J. Air Was. Manage. Assoc., 47, 37 (1997)
Yang Y, Allen ER, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 44, 863 (1994)
Delhomenie MC, Bibeau L, Gendron J, Brzezinski R, Heitz M, Chem. Eng. J., 94(3), 211 (2003)
Iliuta I, Larachi F, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(16), 3293 (2004)
Kim D, Sorial GA, Chemosphere, 66, 1758 (2007)
Mendoza JA, Prado OJ, Veiga MC, Kennes C, Wat. Res., 38, 404 (2004)
Weber FJ, Hartmans S, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 43(2), 365 (1995)
Wright WF, Chem. Eng. J., 113(2-3), 161 (2005)
Lee EH, Cho KS, Ryu HW, J. Environ. Biol., 30, 155 (2009)
Ranjard L, Poly F, Nazaret S, Res. Microbiol., 151, 167 (2000)
Watanabe K, Hamamura N, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 14, 289 (2003)
Leckie SE, Forest Ecol. Manag., 220, 88 (2005)
Garland JL, Mills AL, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57, 2351 (1991)
Weber KP, Gehder M, Legge RL, Water Res., 42, 180 (2008)
Muhammad A, Xu J, Li Z, Wang H, Yao H, Chemosphere, 60, 508 (2005)
Preston-Mafham J, Boddy L, Randerson PF, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 42, 1 (2002)
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ, J. Biochem. Physiol., 37, 911 (1959)
White DC, Stair JO, Ringelberg DB, J. Ind. Microbiol., 17, 185 (1996)
Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR, J. Bacteriol., 180, 4765 (1998)
Smit E, Leeflang P, Wernars K, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 23, 249 (1997)
Ranjard L, Poly F, Richaume A, Gourbiere F, Nazaret S, “Bacterial Community Structure Assess by two DNA Fingerprint at Microscale Level in Soil,” in Proceeding of the International Congress NATO ASI Molecular Advances in Molecular Ecology, Erice, Italy (1998)
Ranjard L, Nazaretm S, Gourbiere F, Thioulouse J, Linet P, Richaume A, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 31, 107 (2000)
Wintzingerode F, Gobel UB, Stackebrandt E, Fems Microbiol. Rev., 21, 213 (1997)
Vallaeys T, Topp E, Muyzer G, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 24, 279 (1997)
Felske A, Akkermans ADL, Microbial Ecol., 36, 31 (1998)
Muyzer G, De Waal EC, Uitterlinden AG, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 695 (1993)
Borneman J, Triplett EW, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, 2647 (1997)
Hadrys H, Balick M, Schierwater B, Mol. Ecol., 1, 55 (1992)
Wikstrom P, Andersson AC, Forsman M, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 28, 131 (1999)
Lee S, Furhman JA, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 739 (1990)
Xia X, Bollinger J, Ogram A, Mol. Ecol., 4, 17 (1995)
Torsvik V, Goskøyr J, Daae FL, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 782 (1990)
Holben WE, Harris D, Mol. Ecol., 4, 627 (1995)
Rotthauwe JH, Witzel KP, Liesack W, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, 4707 (1997)
Auman AJ, Lidstrom ME, Environ. Microbiol., 4, 517 (2002)
Smits THM, Rothlisberger M, Witholt B, van Beilen JB, Environ. Microbiol., 1, 307 (1999)
Beller HR, Kane SR, Legler TC, Alvarez PJ, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3977 (2002)
Grove JA, Kautola H, Javadpour S, Moo-Young M, Anderson WA, Biochem. Eng. J., 18, 111 (2004)
Steele JA, Ozis F, Fuhrman JA, Devinny JS, Chem. Eng. J., 113(2-3), 135 (2005)
Chung YC, J. Hazard. Mater., 144(1-2), 377 (2007)
Ho KL, Chung YC, Lin YH, Tseng CP, J. Hazard. Mater., 152(2), 580 (2008)
Ho KL, Chung YC, Tseng CP, Bioresour. Technol., 99(8), 2757 (2008)
Ding Y, Wu W, Han Z, Chen Y, Biochem. Eng. J., 38, 248 (2008)
Jun Y, Wenfeng X, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 3869 (2009)
O-Thong S, Prasertsan P, Birkeland NK, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 909 (2009)
Cai Z, Sorial GA, Zhang K, Saikaly P, Zein MM, Oerther DB, Water Air Soil Poll., 8, 311 (2008)
Ait-Benichou S, Jugnia LB, Greer CW, Cabral AR, Waste Manage., 29, 2509 (2009)