Articles & Issues
- Language
- english
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
-
Received August 6, 2022
Revised November 9, 2022
Accepted November 15, 2022
- Acknowledgements
- Gamma alumina; Mathematical model; Optimization process; Digital baffled batch reactor Nanocatalyst; Zinc oxide
-
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © KIChE. All rights reserved.
All issues
Improved Kerosene Quality with the Use of a Gamma Alumina Nanoparticles Supported Zinc Oxide Catalyst in a Digital Batch Baffled Reactor: Experiments and Process Modelling
Jasim I. Humadi1†
Ghassan Hassan Abdul Razzaq1
Luay Ahmed Khamees1
Mustafa A. Ahmed2
Liqaa I. Saeed3
1Department of Petroleum and Gas Refining Engineering, College of Petroleum Processes Engineering, Tikrit University, Slah Al-deen, Tikrit 34001, IRAQ 2Ministry of oil, Slah Al-deen, Tikrit 34001, IRAQ 3Department of Mining Engineering, College of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, IRAQ
jasim_alhashimi_ppe@tu.edu.iq
Korean Chemical Engineering Research, May 2023, 61(2), 226-233(8), 10.9713/kcer.2023.61.2.226 Epub 31 May 2023
Download PDF
Abstract
To create an environmentally sustainable fuel with a low sulfur concentration, requires alternative sulfur
removal methods. During the course of this study, a high surface gamma alumina-supported ZnO nanocatalyst with a
ZnO/-Al2O3 ratio of 12% was developed and tested for its ability to improve the activity of the oxidative desulfurization
(ODS) process for the desulfurization of kerosene fuel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-EmmettTeller (BET) were used to characterize the produced nanocatalyst. In a digital batch baffled reactor (20~80 min), the
effectiveness of the synthesized nanocatalyst was tested at different initial concentrations of dibenzothiophene (DBT) of
300~600 ppm, oxidation temperatures (25~70 ℃), and oxidation periods (0.5, 1, and 2 hours). The baffles included in
the digital baffled batch reactor resist the swirling of the reaction mixture, thus facilitating mixing. The ODS procedure
yielded the maximum DBT conversion (95.5%) at 70 ℃ with an 80-minute reaction time and an initial DBT level of
600 ppm. The most precise values of kinetic variables were subsequently determined using a mathematical modelling
procedure for the ODS procedure. The average absolute error of the simulation findings was less than 5%, demonstrating a
good degree of agreement with the experimental results acquired from all runs. The optimization of the operating
conditions revealed that 99.1% of the DBT can be removed in 140 minutes.
References
1. Saleh, T. A., “Carbon Nanotube-incorporated Alumina as a Support for MoNi Catalysts for the Efficient Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophenes,” Chemical Engineering J., 404, 126987(2021).
2. Humadi, J. I., Gheni, S. A., Ahmed, S. M. and Harvey, A.,“Dimensionless Evaluation and Kinetics of Rapid and Ultradeep Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel in An Oscillatory Baffled Reactor,” RSC Advances, 12(23), 14385-14396(2022).
3. Khamees, L. A., Alrazzaq, A. A. A. A. and Humadi, J. I., “Different Methods for Determination of Shale Volume for Yamama Formation in an Oil Field in Southern Iraq,” Materials Today:Proceedings, 57, 586-594(2022).
4. Kim, Y. B., Kang, S. Y., Seo, S. B., Keel, S. I., Yun, J. H. and Lee, S. H., “The Attrition and Calcination Characteristics of Domestic Limestones for in-situ Desulfurization in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers,” Korean Chemical Engineering Research,57(5), 687-694(2019).
5. Speight, J. G., “Petroleum Refining and Environmental Control and Environmental Effects,” Fossil Energy, 101-131(2020).
6. Humadi, J. I., Issa, Y. S., Aqar, D. Y., Ahmed, M. A., Alak, H.H. A. and Mujtaba, I. M., “Evaluation the Performance of the Tin (IV) Oxide (SnO2) in the Removal of Sulfur Compounds via Oxidative-extractive Desulfurization Process for Production An Eco-friendly Fuel,” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2022.
7. Kang, S.-C., Jun, H.-K., Lee, T.-J., Ryu, S.-O. and Kim, J.-C.,“The Characterization of Zn-based Desulfurization Sorbents on Various Supports,” Korean Chemical Engineering Research,40(3), 289-297(2002).
8. Song, C. and Ma, X., “New Design Approaches to Ultra-clean Diesel Fuels by Deep Desulfurization and Deep Dearomatization,”Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 41(1-2), 207-238(2003).
9. Im, C.-J., Cha, Y.-G., Park, N.-G., Ryu, S.-O., Lee, T.-J. and Kim, J.-C., “A Study of Advanced Zinc Titanate Sorbent for Mid-Temperature Desulfurization,” Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 38(1), 111-111(2000).
10. Abbas, M. N. and Alalwan, H. A., “Catalytic Oxidative and Adsorptive Desulfurization of Heavy Naphtha Fraction,” Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 57(2), 283-288(2019).
11. Saleh, T. A., “Characterization, Determination and Elimination Technologies for Sulfur from Petroleum: Toward Cleaner Fuel and a Safe Environment,” Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 25, e00080(2020).
12. Jafar, S. A., Nawaf, A. T. and Humadi, J. I., “Improving the Extraction of Sulfur-containing Compounds From Fuel Using Surfactant Material in a Digital Baffle Reactor,” Materials Today:Proceedings, 42, 1777-1783(2021).
13. Humadi, J. I., Gheni, S. A., Ahmed, S. M., Abdullah, G. H.,Phan, A. N. and Harvey, A. P., “Fast, Non-extractive, and Ultradeep Desulfurization of Diesel in An Oscillatory Baffled Reactor,”Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 152, 178-187(2021).
14. Ahmed, G. S., Humadi, J. I. and Aabid, A. A., “Mathematical Model, Simulation and Scale up of Batch Reactor Used in Oxidative Desulfurization of Kerosene,” Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 22(3), 11-17(2021).
15. Ghubayra, R., Nuttall, C., Hodgkiss, S., Craven, M., Kozhevnikova,E. F. and Kozhevnikov, I. V., “Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Diesel Fuel Catalyzed by Carbon-supported Heteropoly Acids,”Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 253, 309-316(2019).
16. Kamla, Y., Bouzit, M., Ameur, H., Arab, M. I. and Hadjeb, A.,“Effect of the Inclination of Baffles on the Power Consumption and Fluid Flows in a Vessel Stirred by a Rushton Turbine,” Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 30(4), 1008-1016(2017).
17. Pradyasti, A., Azhariyah, A., Karamah, E. F. and Bismo, S.,“Preparation of Zinc Oxide Catalyst with Activated Carbon Support
for Ozone Decomposition,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018. IOP Publishing.
18. Afruz, F. B. and Tafreshi, M., Synthesis of γ-Al2O3 Nano Particles by different combustion modes using ammonium carbonate. 2014.
19. Abdulateef, L. T., Nawaf, A. T., Mahmood, Q. A., Dahham, O.S., Noriman, N. and Shayfull, Z., Preparation, Characterization and Application of Alumina Nanoparticles with Multiple Active Component for Oxidation Desulfurization. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2018. AIP Publishing LLC.
20. Nawaf, A. T., Jarullah, A. T. and Abdulateef, L. T., “Design of a Synthetic Zinc Oxide Catalyst over Nano-alumina for Sulfur Removal by Air in a Batch Reactor,” Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14(1), 79-92(2019).
21. Kallrath, J., “Modeling Languages in Mathematical Optimization,” Vol. 88. 2004: Springer Science & Business Media.
22. Näf, U. G., “Stochastic Simulation Using gPROMS,” Computers & Chemical Engineering, 18, S743-S747(1994).
23. Huang, P., Luo, G., Kang, L., Zhu, M. and Dai, B., “Preparation,Characterization and Catalytic Performance of HPW/aEVM Catalyst on Oxidative Desulfurization,” RSC Advances, 7(8), 4681-4687(2017).
24. Saha, B., Kumar, S. and Sengupta, S., “Green Synthesis of Nano Silver on TiO2 Catalyst for Application in Oxidation of Thiophene,” Chemical Engineering Science, 199, 332-341(2019).
25. Gheni, S. A. Awad, S. A. Ahmed, S. M., Abdullah, G. H. and Al Dahhan, M., “Nanoparticle Catalyzed Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel Fuel in a Trickle Bed Reactor: Experimental and Optimization Study,” RSC Advances, 10(56), 33911-33927(2020).
26. Jarullah, A. T., Aldulaimi, S. K., Al-Tabbakh, B. A. and Mujtaba,I. M., “A New Synthetic Composite Nano-catalyst Achieving An
Environmentally Friendly Fuel by Batch Oxidative Desulfurization,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 160, 405-416 (2020).
27. Paraskos, J., Frayer, J. and Shah, Y., “Effect of Holdup Incomplete Catalyst Wetting and Backmixing During Hydroprocessing In Trickle Bed Reactors,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 14(3), 315-322(1975).
28. Duduković, M. P., Larachi, F. and Mills, P. L., “Multiphase Catalytic Reactors: a Perspective on Current Knowledge and Future trends,” Catalysis Reviews, 44(1), 123-246(2002).
29. Ahmed, T., Hydrocarbon phase behavior. 1989.
30. Al-Huwaidi, J. S., Al-Obaidi, M. A., Jarullah, A. T., Kara-Zaitri,C. and Mujtaba, I. M., “Modeling and Simulation of a Hybrid System of Trickle Bed Reactor and Multistage Reverse Osmosis Process for the Removal of Phenol From Wastewater,” Computers & Chemical Engineering, 153, 107452(2021).
31. Poyton, A., Varziri, M. S., McAuley, K. B., McLellan, P. J. and Ramsay, J. O., “Parameter Estimation in Continuous-time Dynamic Models Using Principal Differential Analysis,” Computers & Chemical Engineering, 30(4), 698-708(2006).
32. Ahmed, G. S., Jarullah, A. T., Al-Tabbakh, B. A. and Mujtaba, I.M., “Design of An Environmentally Friendly Reactor for Naphtha Oxidative Desulfurization by Air Employing a New Synthetic Nano-catalyst Based on Experiments and Modelling,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, 120436(2020).
33. Ghorbani, N. and Moradi, G., “Oxidative Desulfurization of Model and Real Oil Samples Using Mo Supported on Hierarchical Alumina–silica: Process Optimization by Box–Behnken Experimental Design,” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27(11),2759-2770(2019).
34. Nawaf, A. T., Jarullah, A. T. Hameed, S. A. and Mujtaba, I. M.,“Design of New Activated Carbon Based Adsorbents for Improved Desulfurization of Heavy Gas Oil: Experiments and Kinetic Modeling,” Chemical Product and Process Modeling,16(3), 229-249(2021).
35. Saleh, T. A., Sulaiman, K. O., Al-Hammadi, S. A., Dafalla, H. and Danmaliki, G. I., “Adsorptive Desulfurization of Thiophene,Benzothiophene and Dibenzothiophene Over Activated Carbon Manganese Oxide Nanocomposite: With Column System Evaluation,” Journal Cleaner Production, 154, 401-412(2017).
36. Saleh, T. A., Nanotechnology in oil and gas industries. Cham,Switzerland: Springer, 2018.
2. Humadi, J. I., Gheni, S. A., Ahmed, S. M. and Harvey, A.,“Dimensionless Evaluation and Kinetics of Rapid and Ultradeep Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel in An Oscillatory Baffled Reactor,” RSC Advances, 12(23), 14385-14396(2022).
3. Khamees, L. A., Alrazzaq, A. A. A. A. and Humadi, J. I., “Different Methods for Determination of Shale Volume for Yamama Formation in an Oil Field in Southern Iraq,” Materials Today:Proceedings, 57, 586-594(2022).
4. Kim, Y. B., Kang, S. Y., Seo, S. B., Keel, S. I., Yun, J. H. and Lee, S. H., “The Attrition and Calcination Characteristics of Domestic Limestones for in-situ Desulfurization in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers,” Korean Chemical Engineering Research,57(5), 687-694(2019).
5. Speight, J. G., “Petroleum Refining and Environmental Control and Environmental Effects,” Fossil Energy, 101-131(2020).
6. Humadi, J. I., Issa, Y. S., Aqar, D. Y., Ahmed, M. A., Alak, H.H. A. and Mujtaba, I. M., “Evaluation the Performance of the Tin (IV) Oxide (SnO2) in the Removal of Sulfur Compounds via Oxidative-extractive Desulfurization Process for Production An Eco-friendly Fuel,” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2022.
7. Kang, S.-C., Jun, H.-K., Lee, T.-J., Ryu, S.-O. and Kim, J.-C.,“The Characterization of Zn-based Desulfurization Sorbents on Various Supports,” Korean Chemical Engineering Research,40(3), 289-297(2002).
8. Song, C. and Ma, X., “New Design Approaches to Ultra-clean Diesel Fuels by Deep Desulfurization and Deep Dearomatization,”Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 41(1-2), 207-238(2003).
9. Im, C.-J., Cha, Y.-G., Park, N.-G., Ryu, S.-O., Lee, T.-J. and Kim, J.-C., “A Study of Advanced Zinc Titanate Sorbent for Mid-Temperature Desulfurization,” Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 38(1), 111-111(2000).
10. Abbas, M. N. and Alalwan, H. A., “Catalytic Oxidative and Adsorptive Desulfurization of Heavy Naphtha Fraction,” Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 57(2), 283-288(2019).
11. Saleh, T. A., “Characterization, Determination and Elimination Technologies for Sulfur from Petroleum: Toward Cleaner Fuel and a Safe Environment,” Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 25, e00080(2020).
12. Jafar, S. A., Nawaf, A. T. and Humadi, J. I., “Improving the Extraction of Sulfur-containing Compounds From Fuel Using Surfactant Material in a Digital Baffle Reactor,” Materials Today:Proceedings, 42, 1777-1783(2021).
13. Humadi, J. I., Gheni, S. A., Ahmed, S. M., Abdullah, G. H.,Phan, A. N. and Harvey, A. P., “Fast, Non-extractive, and Ultradeep Desulfurization of Diesel in An Oscillatory Baffled Reactor,”Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 152, 178-187(2021).
14. Ahmed, G. S., Humadi, J. I. and Aabid, A. A., “Mathematical Model, Simulation and Scale up of Batch Reactor Used in Oxidative Desulfurization of Kerosene,” Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 22(3), 11-17(2021).
15. Ghubayra, R., Nuttall, C., Hodgkiss, S., Craven, M., Kozhevnikova,E. F. and Kozhevnikov, I. V., “Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Diesel Fuel Catalyzed by Carbon-supported Heteropoly Acids,”Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 253, 309-316(2019).
16. Kamla, Y., Bouzit, M., Ameur, H., Arab, M. I. and Hadjeb, A.,“Effect of the Inclination of Baffles on the Power Consumption and Fluid Flows in a Vessel Stirred by a Rushton Turbine,” Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 30(4), 1008-1016(2017).
17. Pradyasti, A., Azhariyah, A., Karamah, E. F. and Bismo, S.,“Preparation of Zinc Oxide Catalyst with Activated Carbon Support
for Ozone Decomposition,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018. IOP Publishing.
18. Afruz, F. B. and Tafreshi, M., Synthesis of γ-Al2O3 Nano Particles by different combustion modes using ammonium carbonate. 2014.
19. Abdulateef, L. T., Nawaf, A. T., Mahmood, Q. A., Dahham, O.S., Noriman, N. and Shayfull, Z., Preparation, Characterization and Application of Alumina Nanoparticles with Multiple Active Component for Oxidation Desulfurization. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2018. AIP Publishing LLC.
20. Nawaf, A. T., Jarullah, A. T. and Abdulateef, L. T., “Design of a Synthetic Zinc Oxide Catalyst over Nano-alumina for Sulfur Removal by Air in a Batch Reactor,” Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14(1), 79-92(2019).
21. Kallrath, J., “Modeling Languages in Mathematical Optimization,” Vol. 88. 2004: Springer Science & Business Media.
22. Näf, U. G., “Stochastic Simulation Using gPROMS,” Computers & Chemical Engineering, 18, S743-S747(1994).
23. Huang, P., Luo, G., Kang, L., Zhu, M. and Dai, B., “Preparation,Characterization and Catalytic Performance of HPW/aEVM Catalyst on Oxidative Desulfurization,” RSC Advances, 7(8), 4681-4687(2017).
24. Saha, B., Kumar, S. and Sengupta, S., “Green Synthesis of Nano Silver on TiO2 Catalyst for Application in Oxidation of Thiophene,” Chemical Engineering Science, 199, 332-341(2019).
25. Gheni, S. A. Awad, S. A. Ahmed, S. M., Abdullah, G. H. and Al Dahhan, M., “Nanoparticle Catalyzed Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel Fuel in a Trickle Bed Reactor: Experimental and Optimization Study,” RSC Advances, 10(56), 33911-33927(2020).
26. Jarullah, A. T., Aldulaimi, S. K., Al-Tabbakh, B. A. and Mujtaba,I. M., “A New Synthetic Composite Nano-catalyst Achieving An
Environmentally Friendly Fuel by Batch Oxidative Desulfurization,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 160, 405-416 (2020).
27. Paraskos, J., Frayer, J. and Shah, Y., “Effect of Holdup Incomplete Catalyst Wetting and Backmixing During Hydroprocessing In Trickle Bed Reactors,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 14(3), 315-322(1975).
28. Duduković, M. P., Larachi, F. and Mills, P. L., “Multiphase Catalytic Reactors: a Perspective on Current Knowledge and Future trends,” Catalysis Reviews, 44(1), 123-246(2002).
29. Ahmed, T., Hydrocarbon phase behavior. 1989.
30. Al-Huwaidi, J. S., Al-Obaidi, M. A., Jarullah, A. T., Kara-Zaitri,C. and Mujtaba, I. M., “Modeling and Simulation of a Hybrid System of Trickle Bed Reactor and Multistage Reverse Osmosis Process for the Removal of Phenol From Wastewater,” Computers & Chemical Engineering, 153, 107452(2021).
31. Poyton, A., Varziri, M. S., McAuley, K. B., McLellan, P. J. and Ramsay, J. O., “Parameter Estimation in Continuous-time Dynamic Models Using Principal Differential Analysis,” Computers & Chemical Engineering, 30(4), 698-708(2006).
32. Ahmed, G. S., Jarullah, A. T., Al-Tabbakh, B. A. and Mujtaba, I.M., “Design of An Environmentally Friendly Reactor for Naphtha Oxidative Desulfurization by Air Employing a New Synthetic Nano-catalyst Based on Experiments and Modelling,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, 120436(2020).
33. Ghorbani, N. and Moradi, G., “Oxidative Desulfurization of Model and Real Oil Samples Using Mo Supported on Hierarchical Alumina–silica: Process Optimization by Box–Behnken Experimental Design,” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27(11),2759-2770(2019).
34. Nawaf, A. T., Jarullah, A. T. Hameed, S. A. and Mujtaba, I. M.,“Design of New Activated Carbon Based Adsorbents for Improved Desulfurization of Heavy Gas Oil: Experiments and Kinetic Modeling,” Chemical Product and Process Modeling,16(3), 229-249(2021).
35. Saleh, T. A., Sulaiman, K. O., Al-Hammadi, S. A., Dafalla, H. and Danmaliki, G. I., “Adsorptive Desulfurization of Thiophene,Benzothiophene and Dibenzothiophene Over Activated Carbon Manganese Oxide Nanocomposite: With Column System Evaluation,” Journal Cleaner Production, 154, 401-412(2017).
36. Saleh, T. A., Nanotechnology in oil and gas industries. Cham,Switzerland: Springer, 2018.
