Overall
- Language
- english
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
-
Received July 22, 2024
Revised September 24, 2024
Accepted September 24, 2024
- This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Most Cited
A Review of Experimental and CFD Techniques to Characterize Macromixing via the Intensity of Segregation in a Rotating Bar Reactor
Abstract
Several experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods have been developed to analyze and
describe macromixing processes in a rotating bar reactor (RBR). This review provides an overview of the measurement
methods of macromixing and delivers an assessment based on the concentration field. The concentrations are directly
used to define the intensity of segregation (Is), and can reflect macromixing in a rotating bar reactor. Additionally, shows
the investigations of the techniques available for portraying the intensity of segregation. This research is organized into
three primary sections. The initial two sections focus on the overarching trends associated with the implementation of
Conductivity, Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence, and Electrical Resistance Tomography methods in RBR. An examination of
the procedural steps, materials utilized, and the associated calculations was conducted. The final section addresses the
simulation model of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), detailing the necessary parameters, including the equations
employed, boundary conditions, and the calculation procedures for determining the intensity of segregation. Subsequently, the
study elucidates the feasibility of employing CFD as a precise technique for evaluating macromixing. The experimental
techniques available were reviewed and compared in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, characterization capabilities,
and scope of application.
References
and Vorholt, A. J., “Taylor-Couette Reactor: Principles, Design,
and Applications,” AIChE J., 67(5), 1-24(2021).
2. Banaga, A. B., Yue, X. J., Chu, G. W., Wu, W., Luo, Y. and Chen,
J. F., “Micromixing Performance in a Rotating Bar Reactor,”
Can. J. Chem. Eng., 98(8), 1776-83(2020).
3. Gao, H. L., Wen, Z. N., Sun, B. C., Zou, H. K. and Chu, G. W.,
“Intensification of Ozone Mass Transfer for Wastewater Treatment
Using a Rotating Bar Reactor,” Chem. Eng. Process. Process.
Intensif., 176(2022).
4. Liu, Z. H., Wang, X. T., Liu, W., Gao, H. L. and Chu, G. W.,
“Mass Transfer Enhancement in a Rotating Bar Reactor: Gas
Dispersion and Liquid Disturbance,” Chem. Eng. Process. Process.
Intensif., 172, 108774(2021).
5. Banaga, A. B., Li, Y. Bin, Li, Z. H., Sun, B. C. and Chu, G. W.,
“Experimental Investigation of the Mixing Efficiency via Intensity
of Segregation along Axial Direction of a Rotating Bar Reactor,”
Can. J. Chem. Eng., 59, 153-59(2023).
6. Zhao, H., Shao, L. and Chen, J. F., “High-Gravity Process Intensification
Technology and Application,” Chem. Eng. J., 156(3),
588-93(2010).
7. Masuda, H., Yoshida, S., Horie, T., Ohmura, N. and Shimoyamada,
M., “Flow Dynamics in Taylor–Couette Flow Reactor
with Axial Distribution of Temperature,” AIChE. J., 64(3), 1075-
82(2018).
8. Dusting, J. and Balabani, S., “Mixing in a Taylor-Couette Reactor
in the Non-Wavy Flow Regime,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 64(13), 3103-
3111(2009).
9. Nemri, M., Charton, S. and Climent, E., “Mixing and Axial Dispersion
in Taylor-Couette Flows: The Effect of the Flow Regime,”
Chem. Eng. Sci., 139, 109-24(2015).
10. Bin, L., Guang, L., Xiaogang, Y., Shanshan, L., Yingrong, X.,
Lu, L., and Yuan, Z., “Micro-mixing enhancement in a Taylor-
Couette Reactor Using the Inner Rotors with Various Surface
Configurations,” Chem. Eng. Process. Process. Intensif., 204,
109954(2024).
11. Mao, Z. and Yang, C., “Micro-Mixing in Chemical Reactors: A
Perspective,” Chinese. J. Chem. Eng., 25(4), 381-90(2016).
12. Woldemariam, M., Filimonov, R., Purtonen, T., Sorvari, J., Koiranen,
T. and Eskelinen, H., “Mixing Performance Evaluation of
Additive Manufactured Milli-Scale Reactors,” Chem. Eng. Sci.,
152, 26-34(2016).
13. Wenzel, D. and Górak, A., “Review and Analysis of Micromixing
in Rotating Packed Beds,” Chem. Eng. J., 345, 492-506(2018).
14. Jaworski, Z. and Dudczak, J., “CFD Modelling of Turbulent
Macromixing in Stirred Tanks. Effect of the Probe Size and Number
on Mixing Indices,” Comp. Chem. Eng., 22(1), S293-S298(1998).
15. Luo, J. Z., Luo, Y., Chu, G. W., Arowo, M., Xiang, Y., Sun, B.
C. and Chen, J. F., “Micromixing Efficiency of a Novel Helical
Tube Reactor: CFD Prediction and Experimental Characterization,”
Chem. Eng. Sci., 155, 386-396(2016).
16. Yang, K., Chu, G. W., Shao, L., Luo, Y. and Chen, J. F., “Micromixing
Efficiency of Rotating Packed Bed with Premixed Liquid
Distributor,” Chem. Eng. J., 153(1-3), 222-226(2009).
17. Baldyga, J., Bourne, J. R. and Yang, Y., “Influence of Feed Pipe
Diameter on Mesomixing in Stirred Tank Reactors,” Chem. Eng.
Sci., 48(19), 3383-3390(1993).
18. Villermaux, J. and Falk, L., “A Generalized Mixing Model for
Initial Contacting of Reactive Fluids,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 49(24),
5127-5140(1994).
19. Barresi, A. A., Marchisio, D. and Baldi, G., “On the Role of
Micro- and Mesomixing in a Continuous Couette-Type Precipitator,”
Chem. Eng. Sci., 54(13-14), 2339-2349(1999).
20. Barrett, M., O’Grady, D., Casey, E. and Glennon, B., “The Role
of Meso-Mixing in Anti-Solvent Crystallization Processes,”
Chem. Eng. Sci., 66(12), 2523-2534(2011).
21. Baldyga, J. and Bourne, J. R., “A Fluid Mechanical Approach to
Turbulent Mixing and Chemical Reaction Part II Micromixing
in the Light of Turbulence Theory,” Chem. Eng. Commun., 28(4-
6), 243-258(1984).
22. Tsai, B. I., Erickson, L. E. and Fan, L. T., “The Effect of Micromixing
on Growth Processes,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 11(2), 181-
205(1969).
23. Nie, A., Gao, Z., Xue, L., Cai, Z., Evans, G. M. and Eaglesham,
A., “Micromixing Performance and the Modeling of a Confined
Impinging Jet Reactor/High Speed Disperser,” Chem. Eng. Sci.,
184, 14-24(2018).
24. Kling, K. and Mewes, D., “Two-Colour Laser Induced Fluorescence
for the Quantification of Micro- and Macromixing in Stirred
Vessels,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(7), 1523-1528(2004).
25. Kukukova, A., Aubin, J. and Kresta, S. M., “A New Definition
of Mixing and Segregation: Three Dimensions of a Key Process
Variable,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2009, 87(4), 633-47(2009).
26. Danckwerts, P. V., “The Definition and Measurement of Some
Characteristics of Mixtures,” Appl. Sci. Res. Sect. A., 3(4), 279-96
(1952).
27. Bakker, R. A. and Akker, H. E. A., “Van Den, A Lagrangian
Description of Micromixing in a Stirred Tank Reactor Using
1D-Micromixing Models in a CFD Flow Field,” Chem. Eng.
Sci., 51(11), 2643-2648(1996).
28. Pagnini, G., “The Kernel Method to Compute the Intensity of
Segregation for Reactive Pollutants: Mathematical Formulation,”
Atmos. Environ., 43(24), 3691-3698(2009).
29. Buchmann, M. and Mewes, D., “Tomographic Measurements of
Micro- and Macromixing Using the Dual Wavelength Photometry,”
Chem. Eng. J., 77(1-2), 3-9(2000).
30. Luo, P., Jia, H., Xin, C., Xiang, G., Jiao, Z. and Wu, H., “An
Experimental Study of Liquid Mixing in a Multi-orifice-impinging
Transverse Jet Mixer Using PLIF,” Chem. Eng. J., 228, 554-
564(2013).
31. Tahvildarian, P., Ng, H., D’Amato, M., Drappel, S., Ein-Mozaffari,
F. and Upreti, S. R., “Using Electrical Resistance Tomography
Images to Characterize the Mixing of Micron-Sized Polymeric
Particles in a Slurry Reactor,” Chem. Eng. J., 172(1), 517-525(2011).
32. Battaglia, G., Romano, S., Raponi, A., Volpe, F., Bellanca, L.,
Ciofalo, M., Marchisio, D., Cipollina, A., Micale, G. and Tamburini,
A., “Mixing Phenomena in Circular and Rectangular Cross-
Sectional T-Mixers: Experimental and Numerical Assessment,”
Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 201, 228-241(2023).
33. Arratia, P. E. and Muzzio, F. J., “Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Method for Analysis of Mixing in Laminar Flows,” Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res., 43(20), 6557-6568(2004).
34. Taghavi, M. and Moghaddas, J., “Using PLIF/PIV Techniques to
Investigate the Reactive Mixing in Stirred Tank Reactors with
Rushton and Pitched Blade Turbines,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 151,
190-206(2019).
35. Mosorov, V., “Applications of Tomography in Reaction Engineering
(Mixing Process),” Ind. Tomogr. Syst. Appl., 509-228(2015).
36. Bowler, A. L., Bakalis, S. and Watson, N. J., “A Review of In-Line
and on-Line Measurement Techniques to Monitor Industrial Mixing
Processes,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 153, 463-495(2019).
37. Haddadi, M. M., Hosseini, S. H., Rashtchian, D. and Olazar, M.,
“Comparative Analysis of Different Static Mixers Performance
by CFD Technique: An Innovative Mixer,” Chinese J. Chem. Eng.,
28(3), 672-684(2019).
38. Zhang, Y.-D., Zhang, C.-L., Zhang, L.-L., Sun, B.-C., Chu, G.-
W. and Chen, J.-F., “Chemical Probe Systems for Assessing Liquid–
Liquid Mixing Efficiencies of Reactorse,” Front. Chem. Sci.
Eng., 17(10), 1323-1335(2023).
39. Martínez-Delgadillo, S. A., Mollinedo P., H. R., Gutiérrez, M.
A., Barceló, I. D. and Méndez, J. M., “Performance of a Tubular
Electrochemical Reactor, Operated with Different Inlets, to
Remove Cr(VI) from Wastewater,” Comput. Chem. Eng., 34(4),
491-499(2009).
40. Wilkinson, N. A. and Dutcher, C. S., “Axial Mixing and Vortex
Stability to in Situ Radial Injection in Taylor-Couette Laminar
and Turbulent Flows,” J. Fluid. Mech., 854, 324-347(2018).
41. Judat, B., Racina, A. and Kind, M., “Macro- and Micromixing in
a Taylor-Couette Reactor with Axial Flow and Their Influence on
the Precipitation of Barium Sulfate,” Chem. Eng. Tech., 27(3),
287-292(2004).
42. Banaga, A. B., “Mixing in a Rotating Bar Reactor and Application
in Wastewater Treatment”. Ph.D. Thesis, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing(2023).
43. Li, G., Yang, X. and Ye, H., “CFD Simulation of Shear Flow and
Mixing in a Taylor-Couette Reactor with Variable Cross-Section
Inner Cylinders,” Pow. Tech., 280, 53-66(2015).
44. Habchi, C., Valle, D. Della, Lemenand, T., Anxionnaz, Z., Tochon,
P., Cabassud, M., Gourdon, C. and Peerhossaini, H., “A New Adaptive
Procedure for Using Chemical Probes to Characterize Mixing,”
Chem. Eng. Sci., 66(15), 3540-3550(2011).
45. Patrizio, N. Di, Bagnaro, M., Gaunand, A., Hochepied, J. F.,
Horbez, D. and Pitiot, P., “Hydrodynamics and Mixing Performance
of Hartridge Roughton Mixers: Influence of the Mixing
Chamber Design,” Chem. Eng. J., 283, 375-387(2015).
46. Bałdyga, J., Henczka, M. and Makowski, “Effects of Mixing on
Parallel Chemical Reactions in a Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tank
Reactor,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 79(8), 895-900(2001).
47. Hjertager, L. K., Hjertager, B. H., Deen, N. G. and Solberg, T.,
“Measurement of Turbulent Mixing in a Confined Wake Flow
Using Combined PIV and PLIF,” Can. J. Chem. Eng., 81(6),
1149-1158(2003).
48. Alena, K., Benjamin N.l., and Suzanne M. K., “Impact of Sampling
Method and Scale on the Measurement of Mixing and the
Coefficient of Variance,” AIChE. J., 54(12), pp. 3068-3083(2008).
49. Cheng, D., Feng, X., Cheng, J., Yang, C. and Mao, Z. S., “Experimental
Study on the Dispersed Phase Macro-Mixing in an Immiscible
Liquid-Liquid Stirred Reactor,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 126, 196-
203(2014).
50. Paul, E. L., Atiemo-obeng, V. A. and Kresta, S. M., Handbook
of Industrial Mixing Edited By, Handbook of Industrial Mixing
Science and Practice, (2015).
51. Lehwald, A., Thévenin, D. and Zähringer, K., “Quantifying Macro-
Mixing and Micro-Mixing in a Static Mixer Using Two-Tracer
Laser-Induced Fluorescence,” Exp. Fluids., 48(5), 823-836(2010).
52. Houcine, I., Vivier, H., Plasari, E., David, R. and Villermaux, J.,
“Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence Technique for Measurements
of Concentration Fields in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors,”
Exp. Fluids., 22(2), 95-102(1996).
53. Shen, B., Zhan, X., Sun, Z., He, Y., Long, J. and Li, X., “PIV
Experiments and CFD Simulations of Liquid–Liquid Mixing in
a Planetary Centrifugal Mixer (PCM),” Chem. Eng. Sci., 259,
117764(2022).
54. Prończuk, M. and Bizon, K., “Investigation of the Liquid Mixing
Characteristic of an External-Loop Hybrid Fluidized-Bed Airlift
Reactor,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 210, 115231(2019).
55. Li, X., Mi, Z., Tan, S., Wang, X., Wang, R. and Ding, H., “Experimental
Investigation of Fluid Mixing inside a Rod Bundle Using
Laser Induced Fluorescence,” Prog. Nucl. Energy., 110, 90-102
(2018).
56. Wang, X., Wang, R., Du, S., Chen, J. and Tan, S., “Flow Visualization
and Mixing Quantification in a Rod Bundle Using
Laser Induced Fluorescence,” Nucl. Eng. Des., 305, 1-8(2016).
57. Gaskey, S., Vacus, P., David, R., Villermaux, J. and André, J. C.,
“A Method for the Study of Turbulent Mixing Using Fluorescence
Spectroscopy,” Exp. Fluids., 9(3), 137-147(1990).
58. Lozano, A., Yip, B. and Hanson, R. K., “Acetone: A Tracer for
Concentration Measurements in Gaseous Flows by Planar Laser-
Induced Fluorescence,” Exp. Fluids., 13(6), 369-376(1992).
59. Li, C., Wu, B., Zhang, J. and Luo, P., “Effect of Swirling Addition
on the Liquid Mixing Performance in a T-Jets Mixer,” Chines. J.
Chem. Eng., 50, 108-116(2022).
60. Eltayeb, A., Tan, S., Qi, Z., Ala, A. A. and Ahmed, N. M., “PLIF
Experimental Validation of a FLUENT CFD Model of a Coolant
Mixing in Reactor Vessel Down-Comer,” Annals of Nucl.
Energ., 128, 190-202(2018).
61. Bedding, D. C. and Hidrovo, C. H., “Dual Fluorescence Ratiometric
Technique for Micromixing Characterization,” Exp. Fluids.,
59(11), (1018).
62. Carroll, B. and Hidrovo, C., “Droplet Collision Mixing Diagnostics
Using Single Fluorophore LIF,” Exp. Fluids., 53(5), 130-1316
(2012).
63. Ascanio, G., “Mixing Time in Stirred Vessels: A Review of
Experimental Techniques,” Chines. J. Chem. Eng., 23(7), 1065-1076(2014).
64. Luo, P., Cheng, Y., Wang, Z., Jin, Y. and Yang, W., “Study on
the Mixing Behavior of Thin Liquid-Sheet Impinging Jets Using
the PLIF Technique,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45(2), 863-870(2006).
65. Jardón-Pérez, L. E., González-Rivera, C., Trápaga-Martínez, G.,
Amaro-Villeda, A. and Ramírez-Argáez, M. A., “Experimental
Study of Mass Transfer Mechanisms for Solute Mixing in a Gas-
Stirred Ladle Using the Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Techniques,” Steel. Res. Int., 92(11),
1-11(2021).
66. Moulijn, J., The Chemicfll Processing Pmnt, World Wide Web
Internet And Web Information Systems, (2004).
67. Rida, Z., Cazin, S., Lamadie, F., Dherbécourt, D., Charton, S.,
and Climent, E., “Experimental Investigation of Mixing Efficiency
in Particle-Laden Taylor–Couette Flows,” Exp. Fluids., 60(61), (2019).
68. Walker, D. A., “A Fluorescence Technique for Measurement of
Concentration in Mixing Liquids,” J. Physics. E: Scient. Inst.,
20(2), 217-224(1987).
69. Coppeta, J. and Rogers, C., “Dual Emission Laser Induced Fluorescence
for Direct Planar Scalar Behavior Measurements,”
Exp. Fluids., 25(1), 1-15(1998).
70. Saylor, J. R., “Photobleaching of Disodium Fluorescein in
Water,” Exp. Fluids., 18(6), 445-447(1995).
71. Crimaldi, J. P., “The Effect of Photobleaching and Velocity Fluctuations
on Single-Point LIF Measurements,” Exp. Fluids., 23(4),
325-330(1997).
72. Larsen, L. G. and Crimaldi, J. P., “The Effect of Photobleaching
on PLIF,” Exp. Fluids., 41(5), 803-812(2006).
73. Unger, D. R. and Muzzio, F. J., “Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Technique for the Quantification of Mixing in Impinging Jets,”
AIChE. J., 45(12), 2477-2486(1999).
74. Bruchhausen, M., Guillard, F. and Lemoine, F., “Instantaneous
Measurement of Two-Dimensional Temperature Distributions by
Means of Two-Color Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF),”
Exp. Fluids., 38(1), 123-131(2005).
75. Lemoine, F., Antoine, Y., Wolff, M. and Lebouche, M., “Simultaneous
Temperature and 2D Velocity Measurements in a Turbulent
Heated Jet Using Combined Laser-Induced Fluorescence
and LDA,” Exp. Fluids., 26(4), 315-323(1999).
76. Laidlaw, I. M. S. and Smart, P. L., “An Evaluation of Some Fluorescent
Dyes for Water Tracing,” Water. Res. Res., 13(1), 15-33
(1977).
77. Fonte, S. M. W. B. P. M. A. K. C. P., “Investigation of Mixing
Miscible Liquids with High Viscosity Contrasts in Turbulently
Stirred Vessels Using Electrical Resistance Tomography,” Chem.
Eng. J., 486, 149712(2024).
78. Sharifi, M. and Young, B., “Electrical Resistance Tomography
(Ert) Applications to Chemical Engineering,” Chem. Eng. Res.
Des., 91(9), 1625-1645(2013).
79. Stephenson, D. R., Cooke, M., Kowalski, A. and York, T. A.,
“Determining Jet Mixing Characteristics Using Electrical Resistance
Tomography,” Flow Meas. Instrum., 18(5-6), 204-210(2007).
80. Jegatheeswaran, S. and Ein-Mozaffari, F., “Investigation of the
Detrimental Effect of the Rotational Speed on Gas Holdup in Non-
Newtonian Fluids with Scaba-Anchor Coaxial Mixer: A Paradigm
Shift in Gas-Liquid Mixing,” Chem. Eng. J., 383, 123118(2019).
81. Kazemzadeh, A., Ein-Mozaffari, F. and Lohi, A., “Mixing of
Highly Concentrated Slurries of Large Particles: Applications of
Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) and Response Surface
Methodology (RSM),” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 143, 226-240(2019).
82. Park, B. G., Moon, J. H., Lee, B. S. and Kim, S., “An Electrical
Resistance Tomography Technique for the Monitoring of a Radioactive
Waste Separation Process,” Int. Commun. Heat. Mass. Transf.,
35(10), 1307-1310(2008).
83. Jin, H., Wang, M. and Williams, R. A., “Analysis of Bubble
Behaviors in Bubble Columns Using Electrical Resistance
Tomography,” Chem. Eng. J., 130(2-3), 179-185(2007).
84. Bolton, G. T., Hooper, C. W., Mann, R. and Stitt, E. H., “Flow
Distribution and Velocity Measurement in a Radial Flow Fixed
Bed Reactor Using Electrical Resistance Tomography,” Chem.
Eng. Sci., 59(10), 1989-1997(2004).
85. Bond, J., Cullivan, J. C., Climpson, N., Dyakowski, T., Faulks,
I., Jia, X., Kostuch, J. A., Payton, D., “Industrial Monitoring of
Hydrocyclone Operation Using Electrical Resistance Tomography,”
1st World Congr. Ind. Process Tomogr, 12(10), 102-107(1999).
86. Zbib, H., Ebrahimi, M., Ein-Mozaffari, F. and Lohi, A., “Hydrodynamic
Behavior of a 3-D Liquid-Solid Fluidized Bed Operating
in the Intermediate Flow Regime - Application of Stability
Analysis, Coupled CFD-DEM, and Tomography,” Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res., 57(49), 16944-16957(2018).
87. Mann, R., Dickin, F. J., Wang, M., Dyakowski, T., Williams, R.
A., Edwards, R. B., Forrest, A. E. and Holden, P. J., “Application of
Electrical Resistance Tomography to Interrogate Mixing Processes
at Plant Scale,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 52(13), 2087-2097(1997).
88. Stanley, S. J. and Bolton, G. T., “A Review of Recent Electrical
Resistance Tomography (ERT) Applications for Wet Particulate
Processing,” Part. Part. Syst. Charact., 25(3), 207-215(2008).
89. Špidla, M., Sinevič, V., Jahoda, M. and MacHoň, V., “Solid Particle
Distribution of Moderately Concentrated Suspensions in a
Pilot Plant Stirred Vessel,” Chem. Eng. J., 113(1), 73-82(2005).
90. Yenjaichon, W., Pageau, G., Bhole, M., Bennington, C. P. J. and
Grace, J. R., “Assessment of Mixing Quality for an Industrial Pulp
Mixer Using Electrical Resistance Tomography,” Can. J. Chem.
Eng., 89(5), 996-1004(2011).
91. Pakzad, L., Ein-Mozaffari, F. and Chan, P., “Measuring Mixing
Time in the Agitation of Non-Newtonian Fluids through Electrical
Resistance Tomography,” Chem. Eng. Tech., 31(12), 1838-
1845(2008).
92. Hosseini, S., Patel, D., Ein-Mozaffari, F. and Mehrvar, M., “Study
of Solid-Liquid Mixing in Agitated Tanks through Electrical Resistance
Tomography,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 65(4), 1374-1384(2009).
93. Carletti, C., Montante, G., Westerlund, T. and Paglianti, A.,
“Analysis of Solid Concentration Distribution in Dense Solid-
Liquid Stirred Tanks by Electrical Resistance Tomography,”
Chem. Eng. Sci., 119, 53-64(2014).
94. Mirshekari, F. and Pakzad, L., “Mixing of Oil in Water Through
Electrical Resistance Tomography and Response Surface Methodology,”
Chem. Eng. Tech., 42(5), 1101-1115(2019).
95. Maluta, F., Montante, G. and Paglianti, A., “Analysis of Immiscible
Liquid-Liquid Mixing in Stirred Tanks by Electrical Resistance
Tomography,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 227, 115898(2020).
96. Yao, Z., Alberini, F., Montante, G. and Paglianti, A., “In-Line Monitoring
of Mixing Performance for Smart Processes in Tubular
Reactors,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 194, 678-692(2023).
97. Qureshi, M. F., Ali, M. H., Ferroudji, H., Rasul, G., Khan, M. S.,
Rahman, M. A., Hasan, R. and Hassan, I., “Measuring Solid Cuttings
Transport in Newtonian Fluid across Horizontal Annulus Using
Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT),” Flow Meas. Instrum.,
77, 101841(2020).
98. Alberini, F., Simmons, M. J. H., Ingram, A. and Stitt, E. H., “Assessment
of Different Methods of Analysis to Characterise the Mixing
of Shear-Thinning Fluids in a Kenics KM Static Mixer Using
PLIF,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 112, 152-169(2014).
99. Li, L., Wang, K., Zhao, Q., Gao, Q., Zhou, H., Jiang, J. and Mei,
W., “A Critical Review of Experimental and CFD Techniques to
Characterize the Mixing Performance of Anaerobic Digesters
for Biogas Production,” Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 21(3),
665-689(2022).
100.Forte, G., Albano, A., Simmons, M. J. H., Stitt, H. E., Brunazzi,
E. and Alberini, F., “Assessing Blending of Non-Newtonian
Fluids in Static Mixers by Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence
and Electrical Resistance Tomography,” Chem. Eng. Tech., 42(8),
1602-1610(2019).
101.Parvizian, F., Rahimi, M. and Azimi, N., “Macro- and Micromixing
Studies on a High Frequency Continuous Tubular Sonoreactor,”
Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 57-58, 8-15(2012).
102.Mohammadi, S. and Boodhoo, K. V. K., “Online Conductivity
Measurement of Residence Time Distribution of Thin Film Flow in
the Spinning Disc Reactor,” Chem. Eng. J., 207-208, 885-894
(2012).
103.Zheng, H., Huang, Z., Liao, Z., Wang, J., Yang, Y. and Wang,
Y., “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Experimental
Validation of Macromixing and Flow Characteristics in
Low-Density Polyethylene Autoclave Reactors,” Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res., 53(38), 14865-14875(2014).
104.Xu, X., Zhang, J., Chen, J., Zhao, D., Zhang, J. and Qin, S.,
“Numerical Investigation of Mixing Performance for a Helical
Tangential Porous Tube-in-Tube Microchannel Reactor,” Chem.
Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 200, 109766(2024).
105.Liu, L., Yang, X., Yang, J., Li, G. and Guo, Y., “Effect of Hydrodynamic
Heterogeneity on Micromixing Intensification in a Taylor–
Couette Flow Reactor with Variable Configurations of Inner
Cylinder,” AIChE. J., 67(7), 1-13(2021).
106.Liu, F., Yang, X. and Wang, R., “Micromixing Performance in a
Taylor–Couette Reactor with Ribbed Rotors,” Process. Artic., 11,
2058(2023).
107.Vedantam, S., Joshi, J. B. and Koganti, S. B., “CFD Simulation
of RTD and Mixing in the Annular Region of a Taylor-Couette
Contactor,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45(18), 6360-6367(2006).
108.Yue, X.-J., “Flow and Mixing Characteritics of Rotating Bar
Reactor,”Ms.c. Thesis: Beijing University of Chemical Technology,
Beijing(2019).