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Abstract
최초 정지상태에 있는 유체를 밑에서 가열할 때, 기본상태가 불안정하게 되어 생기는 자연대류현상은 오랜동안 상당한 관심을 지닌 연구대상이 되어 왔다. 통상적으로 베나드대류라고 불리워지는 이러한 현상은 주로 가열로 인한 비중차이또는 온도기울기로 인한 표면장력변화로 일어난다는 것이 알려져 왔다. 본 총설에서는 중점적으로 규칙적인 형태로부터 점진적으로 불규칙적인 유동현상을 보여주는 베나드 대류현상을 검토한 후, 부가적으로 흐르는 유체를 가열함으로써 생기는 이차적인 유동현상과 가스흡수 또는 전장하에서 일어나는 대류현상을 소개한다.
Natural convection in an initially stagnant horizontal layer of fluid heated from below has received considerable attention since it is a simple example of convective motion generated by the instability of a basic state. Traditionally, it is called Benard convection. The principal convection mechanisms have been identified : buoyancy forces resulting from thermally induced density gradients and/or interfacial forces due to surface tension variations produced by temperature gradients. The facts and the problems of Benard convection in which turbulence gradually emerges from an ordered pattern are discussed here. Additionally, thermal convection with flowing films and convection induced by gas absorption and electric fields are introduced.